==== Front J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol JCRPE Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology 1308-5727 1308-5735 Galenos Publishing 32654473 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0134 39814 Original Article Association of Exosomal miR-34a with Markers of Dyslipidemia and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with T1DM Ibrahim Alshaymaa A. 1*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-6532 Wahby Aliaa A. 1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1276-2240 Ashmawy Ingy 1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6598-3568 Saleh Rehan M. 2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-4211 Soliman Hend 3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-172X 1 National Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo, Egypt 2 National Research Centre, Department of Community, Cairo, Egypt 3 Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, New Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt * Address for Correspondence: National Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo, Egypt Phone: +01020500501 E-mail:shaymaa_t@hotmail.com 12 2020 25 11 2020 12 4 401 409 21 6 2020 30 6 2020 ©Copyright 2020 by Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society | The Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology published by Galenos Publishing House.2020This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Objective: Dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction are common disorders and major causative factors for atherosclerosis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, their pathophysiology in young patients with T1DM is still under evaluated. We aimed, for the first time, to assess the expression of exosomal micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) in serum of children and adolescents with T1DM and correlate this expression with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction. Methods: The study included 120 T1DM patients and 100 control subjects. Assessment of miR-34a was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lipid profile was assessed on an automated analyzer and serum endoglin and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) concentrations were measured using immunometric methods. Results: Relative expression of miR-34a and serum endoglin and ICAM concentrations were higher in patients than controls (p=0.001) and in patients with dyslipidemia (42 patients) compared to patients without dyslipidemia (78 patients) (p=0.01). Linear regression analysis revealed a strong independent association between exosomal miR-34a expression and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, serum endoglin and serum ICAM after adjustment for other cofactors. The utility of miR-34a as an indicator for associated dyslipidemia was tested using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis which revealed area under the curve: 0.73 with confidence interval: 0.63-0.83 and p=0.001. Conclusion: This was the first study to show the altered expression of exosomal miR-34a among children and adolescents with T1DM. Moreover, association of miR-34a with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction was identified, suggesting that it could play a role in regulation of lipid metabolism and endothelial function in T1DM. miR-34adyslipidemiaendothelial dysfunctiontype 1 diabetes mellitusendoglinintracellular adhesion molecule ==== Body What is already known on this topic? Dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction are common disorders and major predisposing factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, their pathophysiology in children and adolescents with T1DM is still under evaluated. What this study adds? Association of exosomal micro-RNA 34a serum expression with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction was identified in children and adolescents with T1DM, suggesting its role in regulation of lipid metabolism and endothelial function in T1DM. Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex, multifactorial, autoimmune illness and continues to increase in prevalence among children and adolescents (1). T1DM affects about 35 million persons all over the world with annual increase ranging between 3-5% (2). Dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction are very common metabolic abnormalities in these patients (3,4). Both are major causative factors for atherosclerosis which is a major precursor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause for morbidity and mortality in T1DM (5). However, the pathophysiology underlying the occurrence of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in young patients with T1DM remains unclear. It is suggested that the pathogenesis involves an interaction between genetic, environmental and eventually epigenetic factors. Epigenetic factors, including microRNAs, not only represent a key for understanding the complexity of vascular diseases in these patients but also represent a new field of investigation to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers (6). MicroRNA (miRNA, miR) is a class of small, noncoding RNA, which play a significant role in regulating gene expression. Therefore, miRNAs could contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of different physiological and pathological processes (7). Exosomes are nanovesicles originating from all cells, whether healthy or diseased, and can be found in all body fluids. The lipid bilayer surrounding exosomes enable exosomal-enclosed miRNAs to be stably expressed in body fluids much more so than free circulating miRNAs. Consequently, recent studies have focused on exosomal-enclosed miRNAs as contributing factors in various human diseases (8). Accumulating data have demonstrated that miR-34a contributes to b-cell apoptotic pathways, suggesting a role in T1DM (9). Among different miRNA candidates, miR-34a is of special interest regarding lipid metabolism and endothelial function because of its interaction with many genes involved in both pathways (10). Genomic data for exosomal miR-34a were retrieved from the extracellular vesicles miRNA database (11,12), while the predicted miRNA target genes were analyzed by using DIANA-miRPath v1.1 webserver (13). Accordingly, its role in adipogenesis, atherosclerosis progression, inflammation and CVD development and progression, has been suggested. The current study aimed, for the first time, to assess the expression of exosomal miR-34a in the serum of children and adolescents with T1DM and to evaluate the association between exosomal miR-34a expression and markers of dyslipidemia, such as total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), as well as the serum levels of markers of endothelial dysfunction, including serum endoglin and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). Methods This study is a pilot cross-sectional study. A total of 120 T1DM patients, with disease duration more than five years, were randomly selected from Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Pediatric Unit, Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria (see below). Confirmation of T1DM diagnosis was based on criteria of American Diabetes Association (ADA) (14). - Exclusion criteria in the current study included: any type of diabetes other than T1DM; T1DM with any microvascular complication; hypertension; heart, liver, or renal insufficiency; acute diabetic complications; systemic inflammatory diseases; other endocrine disorders; neoplastic disorders; and family history of dyslipidemic diseases. - One hundred age and sex matched healthy subjects served as control group and were recruited from the National Research Centre (NRC) during regular check-up. - The included patients were subsequently categorized into patients with dyslipidemia (42 patients) and patients without dyslipidemia (78 patients). According to the ADA, dyslipidemia was defined by the presence of one or more of the following criteria: TC ≥200 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL, HDL-C ≤35 mg/dL, and TG ≥150 mg/dL (15). - Informed consent was obtained from each participant. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the NRC, under approval number 16/285, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2015. All participants were subjected to full history taking and full clinical examination. Biochemical Analysis - Venous blood samples were collected from all subjects after 12 hours of overnight fast.  Serum was separated and parameters of dyslipidemia including, TC, TG, HDL and LDL levels were quantified using Erba Mannheim XL300 Chemistry Analyzer (ERBA Diagnostics Mannheim, Medical EXPO, India). - Markers of endothelial dysfunction including serum endoglin and ICAM concentrations were assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay sandwich technique (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA). Assessment of exosomal miR-34a was done by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) technique: Exosomes were isolated from eight hundred microliters of serum according to exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma midi kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The characteristics of isolated exosomes were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (16). Isolation, purification and elution of exosomal RNA was done according to exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma midi kit’s protocol and 3.5 microns of synthetic spike in control Cel-miR-39 was added to each sample as the internal control. Concentration of isolated RNA was assessed using a NanoDrop 2000c spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using a miScript reverse transcription kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and then all specimens were stored at -80 °C. Quantitative PCR was run on Applied technologies, Stratagene Mx3000P using miScript SYBR green PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) for detection of miR-34a (ID: MS00003318). The relative expression of miRNA was described as fold change using the calculated formula; 2-ΔΔCT. Methods have been described in detail elsewhere (8). Statistical Analysis Patients’ clinical and laboratory quantitative and qualitative data were presented as mean±standard deviation and frequencies respectively, while the levels of relative miR-34 expression were presented as median [interquartile range (IQR)]. Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate expression difference of miR-34a between patients and healthy controls and between patients’ groups. To assess the relationships between exosomal miR-34a and different patients’ parameters, Pearson’s correlation and linear regression were performed. The utility of miR-34a as an indicator for associated dyslipidemia among patients was tested using receiver operating curve (ROC) technique and area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. All tests were two-sided and a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The clinical, demographic and routine laboratory test results for patients and healthy controls are presented in Table 1. Both patients and controls were matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), TC, TGs and LDL were significantly increased in patients compared to controls, while HDL showed no significant difference between the two groups. Regarding miRNA expression, miR-34a showed significant higher expression among T1DM patients (median: 22.6, IQR: 4.2-111.7 fold change) than healthy controls (median: 6, IQR: 0.1-12 fold change) (p=0.001) (Figure 1). Frequency of patients with miR-34a overexpression, defined as expression more than  two-fold change, among T1DM patients was 90%. Association of miR-34a expression and T1DM was confirmed using logistic regression analysis after adjustment for age, gender and BMI (p=0.01). Comparison between patients regarding associated dyslipidemia showed that the relative expression of exosomal miR-34a was higher in patients with dyslipidemia (median: 78; IQR: 18.1-2388 fold change) compared to patients without dyslipidemia (median: 4.8; IQR: 3.7-34.2 fold change) (p=0.001) (Figure 1). There was no significant difference between patients with dyslipidemia and those without dyslipidemia regarding age, gender, BMI and HbA1c. Disease duration, serum TC, TGs and LDL-C were significantly higher in patients with dyslipidemia compared to patients without dyslipidemia, while HDL showed no significant difference between the two groups (Table 2). The most common disorder of dyslipidemia was hypercholesterolemia (95%). Prevalence of high TG, low HDL-C and high LDL-C was 9.5%, 12% and 45% respectively. Levels of serum endoglin and serum ICAM were significantly higher in patients with T1DM than healthy subjects (p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively) (Table 1) and higher in T1DM patients with dyslipidemia compared to patients without dyslipidemia (p=0.01) (Table 2). Serum endoglin and serum ICAM showed no significant correlation with age, BMI, disease duration, glycated hemoglobin and parameters of the lipid profile (Table 3). Pearson’s correlation revealed positive correlation between miR-34a and both serum endoglin and serum ICAM concentration, but failed to demonstrate significant association between miR-34a with parameters of lipid profile (Table 4). Linear regression analysis was used to confirm the association of exosomal expression of miR-34a with parameters of lipid metabolism and endothelial dysfunction in patients with T1DM after adjustment for age, gender, BMI and disease duration. This analysis revealed a strong independent association between exosomal miR-34a with TC, serum endoglin and serum ICAM (Table 4). The utility of miR-34a as indicator for associated dyslipidemia was tested using ROC curve which revealed AUC: 0.73 with confidence intervals: 0.63-0.83 (p=0.001) (Figure 2). To validate and strengthen our results, the analysis of miRNAs that target different genetic pathways involved in lipid metabolism and endothelial function was done using https://ccb-web.cs.uni-saarland.de/mirtargetlink/index.php. This analysis retrieved miR-34a as one of the three miRNAs that can target both the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) genes that have been identified as playing major roles in lipid metabolism (Figure 3); In addition miR-34a was the only miRNA that targeted the three major genes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), SIRT1 and p53, involved in endothelial function (Figure 4) (17). Discussion Pathogenesis of associated endothelial dysfunction and dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with T1DM is still under-evaluated. This is the first study to evaluate exosomal miR-34a expression in children and adolescents with T1DM and to correlate this expression with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in the studied patients. The role of miR-34a in the development of diabetes is under the spotlight. Accumulating data indicate that miR-34a plays significant roles in glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and increasing sensitivity of b cells to cytokine-induced apoptosis (18,19,20). In the current study, expression of miR-34a was increased in patients with T1DM compared to healthy subjects, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of T1DM. This is in agreement with other studies that demonstrated over-expression of miR-34a in T1DM (21,22), especially in recent-onset T1DM, compared to high-risk and healthy children (23). Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder commonly associated with T1DM, increasing the risk of CVD (5). In our study, the prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with T1DM was 35%. El-Bakry et al (24) reported that 64% of Egyptian children and adolescents with T1DM showed association with dyslipidemia. In addition, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with T1DM is reported to vary from 29% to 66% in cross sectional studies from different countries (25,26,27). The most common types of dyslipidemia among adolescents with T1DM also varies between hypercholesterolemia (24,28), high triglyceridemia (29,30) and high LDL-C (31,32). Differences in sample size, inclusion and exclusion criteria, degree of glycemic control and ethnicity might be the cause of this wide range of prevalences and difference in frequencies of dyslipidemia types in the previous studies. MiR-34a is known to regulate TC and hepatic lipid metabolism through targeting and inhibition of expression of the NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase SIRT1, the antiatherogenic mediator that regulates lipid metabolism and endothelial function (33). MiR-34a also down regulates HNF4, a gene which modulates the expression of other genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism (34). In agreement with the previous data, we have demonstrated for the first time increased miR-34a expression in patients with dyslipidemia compared to those without dyslipidemia. Moreover, miR-34a overexpression was described in different diseases associated with dyslipidemia, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (33,35) and coronary artery disease (36) and this expression was correlated with disease severity. Linear regression analysis for our results revealed positive association between miR-34a and TC and LDL-C, while no correlation or association was detected between the miRNA and TG. Interestingly, Shen et al (20) reported positive correlation of miR-34a expression with LDL-C and negative correlation with TG in patients with T2DM. However, Xu et al (34) suggested an explanation when they showed that miR-34a regulates hepatic TGs via regulation of HNF4 expression and its overexpression leads to accumulation of TGs in the liver and subsequently decreasing serum TGs. Endothelial dysfunction precedes and promotes vascular inflammation and therefore atherosclerosis in T1DM and may be considered as an independent predictor of associated CVD (3). Endoglin (CD105) is a membrane glycoprotein located on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. Endoglin, acts as a receptor for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) which is an important mediator for angiogenesis and responsible for keeping the vascular endothelium healthy (37). ICAM is a surface adhesion molecule, also expressed on vascular endothelial cells and also immune cells, which facilitates cell-to-cell interaction and recruitment of leucocytes to endothelium during inflammation (38). Shedding of endoglin and ICAM1 receptors into the systemic circulation during endothelial injury renders them potential circulatory markers of endothelial dysfunction (37). In this study, levels of serum endoglin and serum ICAM were highly elevated in patients with T1DM compared to healthy controls. In agreement with our results, there have been previous reports of elevated levels of serum endoglin and serum ICAM in patients with T1DM (38,39,40). Another interesting finding was the elevation of serum endoglin and serum ICAM in patients with dyslipidemia compared to patients without dyslipidemia, in agreement to El-Kassas et al (39), who reported significant positive correlations of endoglin with TC, TG and LDL-C in children with T1DM. In addition, serum endoglin and serum ICAM showed positive correlations with exosomal miR-34a expression in our study. This data was consistent with other reports, stating that miR-34a is one of the most important endothelial miRNAs which plays a significant role in maintaining endothelial cell function by targeting many genes including p53, VEGF and SIRT1 (41). Moreover, TGF-b increases endoglin and can upregulate miR-34a, which subsequently promotes vascular inflammation by upregulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and ICAM (10,42). Interestingly, it was reported that miR-34a deletion in the endothelium preserve endothelial functions in diabetic mice indicating the responsibility of miR-34a for diabetic vascular dysfunction (10). Study Limitations The partial small sample size and the cross-sectional research design may be considered as limitations for this study. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the altered expression of exosomal miR-34a among children and adolescents withT1DM. Moreover, association of miR-34a with markers of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction was demonstrated, suggesting a role for miR-34 in the epigenetic regulation of lipid metabolism and endothelial function in T1DM children and adolescents. More longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and prospective design are warranted to investigate this association further. Future studies are recommended to identify the possible use of miR-34a as a therapeutic target in patients with T1DM and CVD. Ethics Ethics Committee Approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the NRC, under approval number 16/285, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2015. Informed Consent: Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed. Authorship Contributions Surgical and Medical Practices: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Concept: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Design: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Data Collection or Processing: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Analysis or Interpretation: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Literature Search: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman, Writing: Alshaymaa A. Ibrahim, Aliaa A. Wahby, Ingy Ashmawy, Rehan M. Saleh, Hend Soliman. Financial Disclosure: This work was supported by National Research Centre, Centre of Excellence. Table 1 Clinical, demographic and biochemical laboratory data of patients and controls Table 2 Comparison between patients with dyslipidemia and patients without dyslipidemia Table 3 Pearson’s correlation of serum endoglin and serum intracellular adhesion molecule with different parameters in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients Table 4 Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analysis of micro-RNA 34a with different parameters of dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction Figure 1 Expression of exosomal micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) among studied groups. A) Shows significant higher expression of miR-34a in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus [median: 22.6, interquartile range (IQR): 4.2-111.7] compared to healthy controls (median: 6, IQR: 0.1-12). B) Shows increased expression of exosomal miR-34a in patients with dyslipidemia (median: 78, IQR: 18.1-2388) compared to patients without dyslipidemia (median: 4.8, IQR: 3.7-34.2) miR-34a: micro-RNA 34a, T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus Figure 2 Receiver operating curve (ROC) curve of exosomal micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) in associated dyslipidemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. ROC curve showed the utility of miR-34a as an indicator of associated dyslipidemia. Area under the curve: 0.73 with confidence intervals: 0.63-0.83 (p=0.001) AUC: area under the curve, CI: confidence interval Figure 3 Interaction network of genes targeted by micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) and playing a significant role in lipid metabolism. This analysis was done using (miRTargetLinkdatabase) (https://ccb-web.cs.uni-saarland.de/mirtargetlink/index.php) and retrieved that miR-34a is one of the three miRNAs that can target both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) genes (green line indicates a strong interaction) Figure 4 Interaction network of genes targeted by micro-RNA 34a (miR-34a) and playing a significant role in endothelial function. This analysis was done using (miRTargetLinkdatabase) (https://ccb-web.cs.uni-saarland.de/mirtargetlink/index.php) and retrieved that miR-34a is the only miRNA that targets the three major genes, vascular endothelial growth factor, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and p53, involved in endothelial function (green line indicates a strong interaction and red line indicates a weak interaction) ==== Refs References 1 Ahmed AE Sakhr HM Hassan MH El-Amir MI Ameen HH Vitamin D receptor rs7975232, rs731236 and rs1544410 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: effect of vitamin D co-therapy Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019 12 703 716 31190930 2 Mostofizadeh N Hashemipour M Roostazadeh M Hashemi-Dehkordi E Shahsanai A Reisi M The impact of poor glycemic control on lipid profile variables in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus J Educ Health Promot 2019 8 6 30815477 3 Ladeia AM Sampaio RR Hita MC Adan LF Prognostic value of endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus World J Diabetes 2014 5 601 605 25317238 4 Ahmed TA Ahmed YA Arafa AI Salah RA Detection of occult right ventricular dysfunction in young Egyptians with type 1 diabetes mellitus by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography Indian Heart J 2018 70 665 671 30392504 5 Kim SH Jung IA Jeon YJ Kyoung Cho W Soon Cho K Park SH Jung MH Suh BK Serum lipid profiles and glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014 19 191 196 25654064 6 Palacio Rojas M Prieto C Bermúdez V Garicano C Nava TN Martínez MS Salazar J Rojas E Pérez A Vicuña PM Martínez NG Parra SM Hoedebecke K D’Addosio R Cano C Rojas J Dyslipidemia: Genetics, lipoprotein lipase and HindIII polymorphism F1000Res 2017 6 2073 30345000 7 Ibrahim AA Ramadan A Wahby AA Hassan M Soliman HM Abdel Hamid TA Micro-RNA 196a2 expression and miR-196a2 (rs11614913) polymorphism in T1DM: a pilot study J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019 32 1171 1179 31472066 8 Ibrahim A Soliman H El-Lebedy D Hassan M Helmy N Hamid T Abdelhamid N Expression of exosomal miR-21 and miR-29 in serum of children and adolescents with T1DM and persistent microalbuminuria Gene Rep 2019 16 100461 9 Acke MB Novotny GW Christensen DP Grunnet LG Mandrup-Poulsen T Altering β-cell number through stable alteration of miR-21 and miR-34a expression Islets 2014 6 e27754 25483877 10 Li Q Kim YR Vikram A Kumar S Kassan M Gabani M Ki Lee S Jacobs JS Irani K P66Shc-Induced MicroRNA-34a Causes Diabetic Endothelial Dysfunction by Downregulating Sirtuin 1 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016 36 2394 2403 27789474 11 EVmiRNA: The Extracellular Vesicles miRNA Database. Last accessed date: 2 June 2020. Available at: [Internet] http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/EVmiRNA#!/ 12 Liu T Zhang Q Zhang J Li C Miao YR Lei Q Li Q Guo AY EVmiRNA: a database of miRNA profiling in extracellular vesicles Nucleic Acids Res 2019 47 D89 D93 30335161 13 miRPathDB 2.0 Last accessed date: 5 May 2020. Available at: [Internet] https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/overview.html 14 American Diabetes Association Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Diabetes Care 2017 40(Suppl 1) S11 S24 27979889 15 American Diabetes Association Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes Diabetes Care 2003 26 2194 2197 12832334 16 Kobayashi M Sawada K Nakamura K Yoshimura A Miyamoto M Shimizu A Ishida K Nakatsuka E Kodama M Hashimoto K Mabuchi S Kimura T Exosomal miR-1290 is a potential biomarker of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma and can discriminate patients from those with malignancies of other histological types J Ovarian Res 2018 11 81 30219071 17 miRTargetLink Human. Last Accessed date: 2 June 2020. Available from: [Internet] https://ccb-web.cs.uni-saarland.de/mirtargetlink/ 18 Kong L Zhu J Han W Jiang X Xu M Zhao Y Dong Q Pang Z Guan Q Gao L Zhao J Zhao L Significance of serum microRNAs in pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a clinical study Acta Diabetol 2011 48 61 69 20857148 19 Bache MB Novotny GW Christensen DP Grunnet LG Mandrup-Poulsen T Altering β-cell number through stable alteration of miR-21 and miR- 34a expression Islets 2014 6 e27754 25483877 20 Shen Y Xu H Pan X Wu W Wang H Yan L Zhang M Liu X Xia S Shao Q miR-34a and miR-125b are upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Exp Ther Med 2017 14 5589 5596 29285097 21 par Spagnuolo I Sebastiani G Patti A Grieco FA Ferretti E Tiberti C Dotta F Specific microRNAs expression fingerprint in serum of type 1 diabetic patient Diabetologia 2012 55 S48 22 Seyhan AA Nunez Lopez YO Xie H Yi F Mathews C Pasarica M Pratley RE Pancreas-enriched miRNAs are altered in the circulation of subjects with diabetes: a pilot cross-sectional study Sci Rep 2016 6 31479 27558530 23 Åkerman L Casas R Ludvigsson J Tavira B Skoglund C Serum miRNA levels are related to glucose homeostasis and islet autoantibodies in children with high risk for type 1 diabetes PLoS ONe 2018 13 e0191067 29346396 24 El-Bakry MM Mansour AI Ahmed ME Sptan HE Dyslipidemia in Egyptian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus Benha Med J 2017 34 104 107 25 Homma TK Endo CM Saruhashi T Mori AP Noronha RM Monte O Procópio Calliari ET Dyslipidemia in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus Arch Endocrinol Metab 2015 59 215 219 26154088 26 Bulut T Demirel F Metin A The prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017 30 181 187 27997351 27 Zabeen B Balsa AM Islam N Parveen M Nahar J Azad K Lipid profile in relation to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes children and adolescents in Bangladesh Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018 22 89 92 29535944 28 Schwab KO Doerfer J Hecker W Grulich‑Henn J Wiemann D Kordonouri O Beyer P Holl RW DPV Initiative of the German Working Group for Pediatric Diabetology. Spectrum and prevalence of atherogenic risk factors in 27,358 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: cross‑sectional data from the German diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV) Diabetes Care 2006 29 218 225 16443863 29 Herman WH Aubert RE Engelgau MM Thompson TJ Ali MA Sous ES Hegazy M Badran A Kenny SJ Gunter EW Malarcher AM Brechner RJ Wetterhall SF DeStefano F Smith PJ Habib M abd el Shakour S Ibrahim AS el Behairy EM Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: Glycaemic control and microvascular and neuropathic complications Diabet Med 1998 15 1045 1051 9868980 30 Kantoosh MM Naiem AM El‑Sayad M Nashat M Dyslipidemia and lipid peroxidation in type 1 diabetic children with good glycemic control: Response to antioxidant therapy Alex J Pediatr 2002 16 357 364 31 al‑Naama LM Kadhim M al‑Aboud MS Lipid profile in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus J Pak Med Assoc 2002 52 34 11963583 32 Rahma S Rashid JA Farage AH The significance of lipid abnormalities in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Iraqi Postgrad Med J 2006 5 289 294 33 Hendy OM Rabie H El Fouly A Abdel-Samiee M Abdelmotelb N Elshormilisy AA Allam M Ali ST Bahaa El-Deen NM Abdelsattar S Mohamed SM The Circulating Micro-RNAs (-122, -34a and -99a) as Predictive Biomarkers for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019 12 2715 2723 31908512 34 Xu Y Zalzala M Xu J Li Y Yin L Zhang Y A metabolic stress-inducible miR-34a-HNF4α pathway regulates lipid and lipoprotein metabolism Nat Commun 2015 6 7466 26100857 35 Salvoza NC Klinzing DC Gopez-Cervantes J Baclig MO Association of Circulating Serum miR-34a and miR-122 with Dyslipidemia among Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease PLoS One 2016 11 e0153497 27077736 36 Tabuchi T Satoh M Itoh T Nakamura M MicroRNA-34a regulates the longevity-associated protein SIRT1 in coronary artery disease: effect of statins on SIRT1 and microRNA-34a expression Clin Sci (Lond) 2012 123 161 171 22364258 37 Jang YS Choi IH Contrasting roles of different endoglin forms in atherosclerosis Immune Netw 2014 14 237 240 25360074 38 Głowinska B Urban M Peczynska J Szczepanska-Kostro J Selected adhesion molecules: sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as markers of endothelial dysfunction in diabetic children and adolescence Pol Merkur Lekarski 2003 14 205 209 12914095 39 El-Kassas G Wakeel ME Helal R Amer AF Elbatal WH Amer MF El-Ghaffar NA Endoglin: a novel predictor of vascular complications in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents JASMR 2017 12 73 78 40 Rostampour N Fekri K Hashemi-Dehkordi E Obodiat M Association between vascular endothelial markers and carotid intima-media thickness in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus J Clin Diagn Res 2017 11 SC01 SC05 41 Shah D Das P Alam MA Mahajan N Romero F Shahid M Singh H Bhandari V MicroRNA-34a Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Mitochondrial-mediated Apoptosis in Murine Models of Acute Lung Injury Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019 60 465 477 30512967 42 Takano M Nekomoto C Kawami M Yumoto R Role of miR-34a in TGF-β1- and drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar type II epithelial cells J Pharm Sci 2017 106 2868 2872 28408209