==== Front Mitochondrial DNA B Resour Mitochondrial DNA B Resour Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources 2380-2359 Taylor & Francis 10.1080/23802359.2019.1687021 1687021 Version of RecordResearch Article Mitogenome Announcement The complete mitochondrial genome information of Phoxinus phoxinus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) on the Korean Peninsula and the phylogenetic implication Y. J. Lee et al.Mitochondrial DNA Part B: ResourcesLee Yoon Jeong a Cha Sun Ho b An Junghwa c Suk Ho Young a a Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea; b GenoTech Corporation, Daejeon, South Korea; c National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, South Korea CONTACT Ho Young Suk hsuk@ynu.ac.krDepartment of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541South Korea 6 11 2019 2019 4 2 3844 3845 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.2019The Author(s)This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Abstract Phoxinus phoxinus is a small Leuciscinae species predominantly found in cool and well-oxygenated streams throughout a wide area encompassing Europe, Siberia and East Asia. It is believed that the populations in Korea hold important clues to how the species has been distributed south along the Eurasian continent to the Korean Peninsula. We characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes of two individual fin-clip samples collected from the two Korean river systems. The whole sequences were 17,665 and 18,220 bp, respectively, and included 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes. The genome size difference was due to the considerably different sizes of the control region. The overall genome structures were identical to those observed in other Leuciscinae species. Keywords Phoxinus phoxinusLeuciscinaemitogenomeKorean Peninsulaphylogeny ==== Body Phoxinus phoxinus is a small cyprinid (Leuciscinae) species predominantly found in cool and well-oxygenated streams throughout a wide area encompassing Europe, Siberia and East Asia (Sakai et al. 2006; Collin and Fumagalli 2011). South Korea is the southern limit of its distribution. This species is observed in two different river systems, the Han River, which flows west into the Yellow Sea, and the Samcheogoship River, which drains into the east coast, in South Korea (Song and Son 2002). These two river systems are presumed to historically originate in different regions, the Yellow River in China (Han) and the Amur River in Russia (Samcheogoship; Jeon and Suk 2014; Bae and Suk 2015). The genetic structure of this species can thus provide important clues for elucidating the biogeographical dispersal pathways to the Korean Peninsula along the Eurasian continent. Here, we characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes of two individual fin-clip samples representatively collected from the Han (37°22′40.0″N 128°38′58.5″E) and Samcheogoship River (37°25′19.0″N 129°06′26.1″E) under the official permission of the Korean Ministry of Environment. The remaining DNA samples were stored as vouchered specimens (NIBRGR0000599057: Han; NIBRGR0000599087: Samcheogoship) in Korean National Institute of Biological Resources. The genomic structure was initially determined using MITOS web server (Bernt et al. 2013) and defined after manually comparing with the mitogenomes of other related species (Imoto et al. 2013). The complete mitogenome sequences were deposited at NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers MK227442 (Han) and MK227443 (Samcheogoship), respectively. The whole sequences were 17,665 (Han; G + C content: 43.7%) and 18,220 (Samcheogoship; G + C content: 43.7%) bp, respectively, and included 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes. The genome size difference was due to the considerably different sizes of the control region (1989 vs. 2544 bp). Every protein-coding gene contained ATG start codon with two exceptions in COX1 and ND3 starting with GTG in both mitogenomes. The stop codon was varied by locus; the five loci, ND1, COX1, APT6, ND4L and ND6, were terminated by TAA, the two loci, ATP8 and ND5, by TAG and ND6 by AGA. Incomplete stop codon was detected at COX2 (CTA), COX3 (CCT), ND2 (CCT or TCT), ND3 (AAT), ND4 (CTA) and Cyt b (ATA). L-strand was detected in eight tRNA genes and ND6 in both mitogenomes. Based on 13 protein-coding genes, we examined the evolutionary relationship of Korean P. phoxinus with other related species (Imoto et al. 2013; Figure 1). The two Korean P. phoxinus were the closest to each other and were placed to be the sister to P. p. tumensis (KC992395; Xu et al. 2014; Figure 1). Mongolian P. phoxinus (M; Imoto et al. 2013) and P. p. ujmonensis (NC023802; Xie et al. 2016) formed a monophyletic group, being placed as the sister to Korean P. phoxinus and P. p. tumensis group (Figure 1). European P. phoxinus (I; Imoto et al. 2013) was placed at the basal in the clade (Figure 1). Figure 1. Bayesian inference for the phylogenetic placement of Korean Phoxinus phoxinus (H: Han; S: Samcheogoship; bolded) among Leuciscinae species reconstructed by MrBayes 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) using 13 protein-coding mitochondrial genes. Cobitis striata (Cobitidae) was used as an outgroup. Each parentheses next to the species name indicates the NCBI GenBank accession number. GTR + I + G was selected as the best-fit substitution model by jModeltest 2.1.4 (Darriba et al. 2012) under Akaike information criterion (Akaike 1974), and two parallel runs were performed for two million Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) generations with sampling every 1,000 steps. Posterior probabilities were indicated on the nodes. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. ==== Refs References Akaike H 1974 A new look at the statistical model identification . IEEE Trans Automat Contr . 19 (6 ):716 –723 . Bae HG , Suk HY 2015 Population genetic structure and colonization history of short ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius kaibarae) . Ecol Evol . 5 (15 ):3075 –3089 .26356579 Bernt M , Donath A , Jühling F , Externbrink F , Florentz C , Fritzsch G , Pütz J , Middendorf M , Stadler PF 2013 MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation . Mol Phylogenet Evol . 69 (2 ):313 –319 .22982435 Collin H , Fumagalli L 2011 Evidence for morphological and adaptive genetic divergence between lake and stream habitats in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus, Cyprinidae) . Mol Ecol . 20 (21 ):4490 –4502 .21951706 Darriba D , Taboada GL , Doallo R , Posada D 2012 jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing . Nat Methods . 9 (8 ):772 . Imoto JM , Saitoh K , Sasaki T , Yonezawa T , Adachi J , Kartavtsev YP , Miya M , Nishida M , Hanzawa N 2013 Phylogeny and biogeography of highly diverged freshwater fish species (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae, Teleostei) inferred from mitochondrial genome analysis . Gene . 514 :112 –124 .23174367 Jeon HB , Suk HY 2014 Pseudo but actually genuine: Rhodeus pseudosericeus provides insight into the phylogeographic history of the Amur bitterling . Anim Cells Syst . 18 (4 ):275 –281 . Ronquist F , Teslenko M , van der Mark P , Ayres DL , Darling A , Höhna S , Larget B , Liu L , Suchard MA , Huelsenbeck JP 2012 MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . Syst Biol . 61 (3 ):539 –542 .22357727 Sakai H , Ito Y , Shedko SV , Safronov SN , Frolov SV , Chereshnev IA , Jeon SR , Goto A 2006 Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of northern Far Eastern phoxinin minnows, Phoxinus and Rhynchocypris (Pisces, Cyprinidae), as inferred from allozyme and mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence analyses . Zoolog Sci . 23 (4 ):323 –331 .16702765 Song HB , Son YM 2002 Maturity and reproductive ecology of the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (Cyprinidae) in the upper South Han River, Korea . Korean J Ichthyol . 14 :262 –268 . Xie P , Ao M , Liu C , Zhang Z , Zhang Y , Niu J , Karjan A , Ma X 2016 The complete mitochondrial genome of Phoxinus phoxinus ujmonensis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) . Mitochondr DNA . 27 (1 ):212 –213 . Xu W , Chen A , Xia R , Fu C 2014 Complete mitochondrial genome of Phoxinus tumensis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) . Mitochondr DNA . 25 (5 ):368 –369 .