==== Front World J OrthopWJOWorld Journal of Orthopedics2218-5836Baishideng Publishing Group Inc jWJO.v9.i7.pg9210.5312/wjo.v9.i7.92Systematic ReviewsSystematic review of dynamization vs exchange nailing for delayed/non-union femoral fractures Vaughn Jacob E College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United StatesShah Ronit V College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United StatesSamman Tarek College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, United StatesStirton Jacob Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United StatesLiu Jiayong Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United States. jiayong.liu@utoledo.eduEbraheim Nabil A Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, United StatesAuthor contributions: Vaughn JE, Shah RV and Samman T performed the research and analyzed the data and wrote the paper; Stirton J, Liu J and Ebraheim NA provided structure for the article as well as edited and revised the paper. Correspondence to: Jiayong Liu, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, 3065 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States. jiayong.liu@utoledo.edu Telephone: +1-800-5865336 Fax: +1-419-3835362 18 7 2018 18 7 2018 9 7 92 99 3 2 2018 24 4 2018 30 5 2018 ©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.2018This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.AIM To analyze the literature on efficacy of dynamamization vs exchange nailing in treatment of delayed and non-union femur fractures. METHODS Ultimately, 31 peer-reviewed articles with 644 exchanged nailing patients and 131 dynamization patients were identified and analyzed. The following key words were inputted in different combinations in order to search the field of publications in its entirety: “non-union”, “delayed union”, “ununited”, “femur fracture”, “femoral fracture”, “exchange nailing”, “dynaiz(s)ation”, “secondary nailing”, “dynamic”, “static”, and “nail revision”. The initial search yielded over 150 results, and was refined based on the inclusion criteria: Only studies reporting on humans, non-unions and delayed unions, and the usage of exchange nailing and/or dynamization as a secondary treatment after failed IM nailing. The resulting 66 articles were obtained through online journal access. The results were filtered further based on the exclusion criteria: No articles that failed to report overall union rates, differentiate between success rates of their reported techniques, or articles that analyzed less than 5 patients. RESULTS Exchange nailing lead to fracture union in 84.785% of patients compared to the 66.412% of dynamization with statistically comparable durations until union (5.193 ± 2.310 mo and 4.769 ± 1.986 mo respectively). Dynamically locking exchange nails resulted in an average union time of 5.208 ± 2.475 mo compared to 5.149 ± 2.366 mo (P = 0.8682) in statically locked exchange nails. The overall union rate of the two procedures, statically and dynamically locked exchange nailing yielded union rates of 84.259% and 82.381% respectively. Therefore, there was no significant difference between the different locking methods of exchange nailing for union rate or time to union at a significance value of P < 0.05. The analysis showed exchange nailing to be the more successful choice in the treatment of femoral non-unions in respect to its higher success rate (491/567 EN, 24/57 dynam, P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between the success rates of the two procedures for delayed union fractures (25/27 EN, 45/55 dynam, P = 0.3299). Nevertheless, dynamization was more efficient in the treatment of delayed unions (at rates comparable to exchange nailing) than in the treatment of non-unions. CONCLUSION In conclusion, after examination of factors, dynamization is recommended treatment of delayed femur fractures, while exchange nailing is the treatment of choice for non-unions. Non-unionDelayed unionDynamizationFemoral fractureExchange nailing ==== Body Core tip: Information from previously published articles investigating patients treated for delayed union and non-union femur fractures by either dynamization or exchange nailing was combined and analyzed to better understand which technique was more efficient at achieving osseous union. When treating femoral non-unions, exchange nailing was shown to achieve osseous union in a higher percentage of patients than dynamization with comparable recovery times. However, dynamization appears to be equally as effective as exchange nailing in the treatment of delayed unions. INTRODUCTION Delayed union and non-union are two designations for the slowed or absent progression of callus formation and osseous healing in a fracture from 3-6 mo, and greater than 6 mo, respectively. Although IM nailing is an effective treatment method for femoral fractures with union rates reported between 90%-100%[1], non-union rates have increased due to the higher probability of survival in complex injuries and improved limb salvage techniques[2]. As a result, secondary surgical techniques have become increasingly important in achieving osseous union in femur fractures. Two of the more common secondary surgical techniques used in the treatment of delayed union and non-union after IM nail failure are dynamization and exchange nailing. Dynamization involves the removal of proximal or distal locking screws in a statically locked IM nail allowing weight bearing to stimulate osseous growth at the fracture site. Previously, surgeons used this technique before delayed union occurred in an attempt to avoid complications and improve union rates. However, studies have failed to find any advantage to this choice[3], resulting in it mainly being used as a secondary treatment. An alternate treatment strategy, exchange nailing, consists of the removal of the current IM nail, debridement of the medullary cavity, followed by insertion of a larger IM nail. This procedure utilizes reaming and increased fracture stability to stimulate osseous growth. Different variations of this procedure have been reported, with varying rates of success attributed to factors such as the use of bone grafting, size of medullary reaming, and different nail locking methods[4,5]. Unfortunately, the overall reported rates of successful unions achieved using these techniques range from 33.3%-90% in dynamization[6-12] and 28.6%-100% in exchange nailing[8,9,13-36]. Additional factors including infection, locations of injury, and major surgical complications have been reported at varying rates across literature resulting in a lack of consensus in the field[5]. The results of multiple studies were examined in an attempt to consolidate the published information across the field and clarify which procedure to use. Consolidation of these results into a larger subject pool across the existing literature increases the strength of its conclusions compared to individual reports. Additionally, the locking method of exchange nails, either static or dynamic, has been identified as a possible factor affecting union rates[5]. Dynamic locking attempts to combine these procedures in order to improve healing rates, as compared to static exchange nailing, but results have been varied. Finally, dynamization has been suggested to result in different rates of success between the treatments of delayed unions in comparison to non-unions[1]. This may allow procedures to be utilized more effectively, based on the different progressions of patients’ injuries. Currently there is lack updated systematic review and meta-analysis on this topic in the literature. This systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to analyze the current literature on these two procedures in their treatment of delayed and non-union femur fractures to determine their overall efficacy and factors related to their success. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE and OVID search databases were used to identify relevant, peer-reviewed articles published within scientific and medical research journals. The following key words were inputted in different combinations in order to search the field of publications in its entirety: “non-union”, “delayed union”, “ununited”, “femur fracture”, “femoral fracture”, “exchange nailing”, “dynaiz(s)ation”, “secondary nailing”, “dynamic”, “static”, and “nail revision”. The initial search yielded over 150 results, and was refined based on the inclusion criteria: Only studies reporting on humans, non-unions and delayed unions, and the usage of exchange nailing and/or dynamization as a secondary treatment after failed IM nailing. The resulting 66 articles were obtained through online journal access. The results were filtered further based on the exclusion criteria: No articles that failed to report overall union rates, differentiate between success rates of their reported techniques, or articles that analyzed less than 5 patients. In all, 31 articles (including retrospective studies and randomized controlled studies), published between 05/1973 and 12/2015, were included in the study (Figure 1). Figure 1 Flow diagram for studies included in analysis. The following boxes starting from the top depicts the progression from initial studies found pertaining to the desired procedures followed by the removal of different studies based on our exclusion criteria. Isolation and pooling of dependent variables and summary measures from the 31 papers were completed using set guidelines. Patients treated in each study were required to have previously undergone treatment with an IM nail that was still in place at the time of the secondary surgery being studied. Therefore, implantation of a dynamically locked IM nail following external fixation/plating was considered neither exchange nailing nor dynamization. Dynamization of IM nails were required to be in response to failed progression towards union (delayed/non-union). Patients receiving dynamization as part of their original treatment plan were excluded from the analysis. When analyzing patient demographics, patient information tables included in the studies were the primary source used. Bilateral fractures were recorded as separate fractures with independent characteristics. Additionally, revision surgeries and progression to union were recorded but repeated surgeries were not considered in overall union rates (three exchange nailing procedures to achieve union were considered as a failure of the secondary treatment under investigation to achieve union). Verified infections were recorded and included only when discrete from other patient information, so as to prevent skewing of the overall results. Finally, patients lost to follow-up were excluded from the analysis unless osseous union was confirmed prior to them leaving the study. Statistical analysis In order to analyze the information, all of the demographical information for patients from each surgical procedure was combined and used to compare each demographic category against the overall union rate of its respective surgical procedure as well as against the same category of the opposite surgical procedure. Statistical significance was determined using graphpad™ to run Fischer exact or χ2 tests (based on category sizes) with P-values reported next to statistically significant information. Time to union was analyzed using a two-tail T-test. Significance for all analyses was determined to be P < 0.05. RESULTS Exchange nailing showed to be the significantly more effective treatment procedure with an overall union rate of 84.785% compared to 66.412% in dynamization (P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the average time to osseous union following either surgical procedure (4.769 ± 1.986 mo dynamization, 5.193 ± 2.310 mo exchange nailing, P = 0.3622). Therefore, the overall difference found while comparing the two procedures was their successful union rates (Table 1). Table 1 Overall outcomes of surgeries studied Surgical procedure Surgical subtype No. of articles reporting on secondary procedure (patient number) Average union % Average reported time to union Dynamization All 7 (131) 66.412b 4.769 ± 1.986 mo (26 pts)a Exchange nailing All 26 (644) 84.785b 5.193 ± 2.310 mo (372 pts)a Exchange nailing Static locking 15 (235 pts) 84.259 5.149 ± 2.366 mo (103 pts) Exchange nailing Dynamic locking 13 (211 pts) 82.381 5.208 ± 2.475 mo (84 pts) b P < 0.0001, significant; a P = 0.3622, not significant. Dynamically locking exchange nails resulted in an average union time of 5.208 ± 2.475 mo compared to 5.149 ± 2.366 (P = 0.8682) in statically locked exchange nails. The overall union rate of the two procedures, statically and dynamically locked exchange nailing yielded union rates of 84.259% and 82.381% respectively. Therefore, there was no significant difference between the different locking methods of exchange nailing for union rate or time to union at a significance value of P < 0.05 (Table 1). Union rates of specific demographics were compared across procedures and compared against each procedure’s overall union rates. Several demographics in exchange nailing yielded significantly different overall rates of union compared to exchange nailing as a whole. Of these demographics, tobacco use (54/74, P = 0.0023), infra and supra-isthmal fracture location (5/9, P = 0.0265, 10/16, P = 0.0045) and infection (19/30, P = 0.0019) were shown to have a significant negative impact on the outcome of exchange nailing (Tables 2-5). The isthmal classification system yielded significantly lower union rates compared to the overall rates of exchange nailing while proximal, middle, and distal thirds categories did not yield a difference. Therefore, in comparison, the isthmal classification system appears to be more useful for predicting surgical outcomes based on fracture location. However, a larger patient pool would be preferable to confirm these results. Table 2 Overall demographics of patients involved in studies Exchange nailing Dynamization EN vs dynam Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate P-values No. of patients 556/644 - 84/131 - P < 0.0001 Ages Mean 38.002 - 32.234 - - Gender Male 244/284 NS 37/66 NS P < 0.0001 Female 72/86 NS 17/26 NS NS Tobacco use Yes 54/74 P = 0.0023 2/3 NS NS No 49/62 NS 0/3 P = 0.0500 P = 0.0128 NSAIDs use Yes 4/8 P = 0.0166 0/0 - - No 38/52 P = 0.0093 2/6 NS P = 0.0463 Diabetic Yes 0/0 - 0/0 - - No 10/19 P = 0.0006 0/0 - - IDDM (type 1) 0/0 - 0/0 - - NS: Not significant; NSAID: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; IDDM: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Table 3 Fracture information of patients involved throughout studies Exchange nailing Dynamization EN vs dynam Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate P-values No. of patients 556/644 - 84/131 - P < 0.0001 Mechanism of injury Crush 2/2 NS 0/0 - - Gun shot wound 2/2 NS 0/0 - - Motorcycle Accident 27/35 NS 0/0 - - Pedestrain/bike vs motor vehicle 2/6 P = 0.0045 0/0 - - Motor vehicle accident 146/163 NS 14/24 NS P = 0.0004 Fall 1/5 P = 0.0017 0/0 - - Sporting accident 1/1 NS 0/0 - - Industrial accident 2/3 NS 0/0 - - Non-traumatic 0/0 - 0/0 - - Bombing injury 0/0 - 0/0 - - Location of injury Proximal shaft 26/30 NS 2/3 NS NS Mid-shaft/isthmal 139/154 NS 32/51 NS P < 0.0001 Distal shaft 38/43 NS 1/3 NS NS Supra-isthmal 10/16 P = 0.0172 1/1 NS NS Sub-trochanteric 4/4 NS 2/3 NS NS Infra-isthmal 5/9 P = 0.0265 0/0 - - Fracture pattern Oblique 21/21 NS 0/0 NS - Segmental 0/0 - 2/5 NS - Transverse 14/14 NS 0/0 NS - Commimuted 19/21 NS 17/30 NS P = 0.0219 Open vs closed Closed 133/162 NS 14/24 NS P < 0.0001 Opened 25/32 NS 0/0 - - I 1/2 NS 0/0 - - II 2/4 NS 0/0 - - IIIA 1/2 NS 0/0 - - IIIB/C 1/1 NS 0/0 - - Winquist-Hansen classification Stable 41/64 P < 0.0001 20/29 NS NS O 7/13 P = 0.0054 0/0 - - I 18/23 NS 12/17 NS NS II 16/27 P = 0.0007 6/9 NS NS Unstable 14/23 P = 0.0028 22/36 NS NS III 11/17 P = 0.0234 6/9 NS NS IV 3/6 P = 0.0387 2/2 NS NS V 0/0 - 2/2 NS - Presence of fracture graph Present 0/0 - 29/44 NS - No gap 0/0 - 1/1 NS - NS: Not significant. Table 4 Nonunion/delayed union information including secondary surgery information Exchange nailing Dynamization EN vs dynam Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate Union/total reported Significant vs total union rate P-values No. of patients 556/644 - 84/131 - P < 0.0001 Reamed vs unreamed Reamed 516/598 NS NA - - Unreamed 19/22 NS NA - - Static vs dynamic Dynamic 97/115 NS NA - - Static 173/210 NS NA - - No locking (/Kuntschner) 35/36 NS NA - - Delayed union 25/27 NS 45/55 P = 0.0228 P = 0.3199 Nonunion (+type) 491/567 NS 24/57 P = 0.0063 P < 0.0001 Elephant 6/7 NS 0/0 - - Horse 12/18 P = 0.0310 0/0 - - Oligotrophic 22/22 NS 16/22 NS P = 0.0211 Hypotrophic 9/13 NS 0/0 - - Atrophic 80/99 NS 5/12 NS P = 0.0064 Hypertrophic 72/83 NS 9/11 NS NS Bone grafting used Yes 98/106 NS 2/2 NS NS No 165/190 NS 32/53 NS P < 0.0001 Infected 19/30 P = 0.0019 0/0 - - Patients lost to follow-up 28 - 4 - - Major complications following surgery 45 - 13 - NS Patients achieving union after additional surgery vs surgeries attempted 82/92 - 34/34 - - NA: Not available; NS: Not significant. Table 5 Union rates of each peer-reviewed article by procedure type PMID Procedure(s) analyzed Union rate (%) 21726859 Dynamization 33.333 9462352 Dynamization 41.667 8370009 Dynamization 45.455 9291371 Dynamization 58.33 22841533 Dynamization 71.795 12142827 Dynamization 78.947 10088839 Dynamization 90 20101132 Exchange nailing 28.571 10926240 Exchange nailing 55.56 12719163 Exchange nailing 57.895 24978947 Exchange nailing 69.444 6488644 Exchange nailing 75 26489394 Exchange nailing 75.676 22327999 Exchange nailing 78.049 10791668 Exchange nailing 78.26 1738973 Exchange nailing 81.25 25300373 Exchange nailing 81.966 19897987 Exchange nailing 85.714 22338431 Exchange nailing 90.698 18579143 Exchange nailing 90.909 12142827 Exchange nailing 90.909 12479620 Exchange nailing 91.667 18090018 Exchange nailing 91.892 10476292 Exchange nailing 96 4707299 Exchange nailing 100 10088839 Exchange nailing 100 20820792 Exchange nailing 100 Kim JR1 Exchange nailing 100 9253919 Exchange nailing 100 10513972 Exchange nailing 100 1126078 Exchange nailing 100 7965294 Exchange nailing 100 22009873 Exchange nailing 100 1 No accessible PMID[36]. Of the dynamization factors, union rates of delayed union (45/55, P = 0.0228) and non-union fractures (24/57, P < 0.0063) were significantly better and worse, respectively, in comparison to dynamization’s overall union rate (84/131) (Table 4). Dynamization of delayed unions proved to be a more successful procedure than dynamization of non-unions in femurs. When comparing demographics across surgical procedures, there was a lack of a statistical difference between female patients (72/86 EN and 17/26 dynam, P = 0.0544), hypertrophic fractures (72/83 EN and 9/11 dynam, P = 0.6563), and delayed union (25/27 EN and 45/55 dynam, P = 0.3199) (Table 2 and 4) The analysis showed exchange nailing to be the more successful choice in the treatment of femoral non-unions in respect to its higher success rate (491/567 EN, 24/57 dynam, P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between the success rates of the two procedures for delayed union fractures (25/27 EN, 45/55 dynam, P = 0.3299). Without a clear preference in overall success rates for one procedure over the other, additional surgical factors were examined. Dynamization, in comparison to exchange nailing, is a significantly less invasive procedure, has a lower financial cost, and comparable complication rates[1] (Table 4). With these factors in mind, in addition to the comparable success rates, the overall results suggest dynamization as the treatment of choice in patients with delayed union femur fractures. On the other hand, exchange nailing showed a significantly higher success rate in non-unions when compared to dynamization (491/567 EN, 24/57 dynam, P < 0.001). In order to avoid the need for further surgical interventions, exchange nailing should be the first consideration in the treatment of non-union femur fractures. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the success rates or time to union between static and dynamic locking modes of exchange nailing (Table 1). When performing exchange nailing, clinicians should look to alternate factors specific to each patient when deciding which locking method to use in their treatment plans. DISCUSSION While exchange nailing and dynamization have been used as revision techniques for decades, the overall efficacy of each procedure is currently disputed[6-36]. Multiple factors and varying rates of success were published in the field with little consistency between papers. The current study examines the literature, utilizing a large subject pool of all published information in the field regarding these procedures. Several previous authors raised concern for the use of a distal vs mid vs proximal fracture classification when considering treatments in favor of the infra, supra, sub, and isthmal classification[16]. The current analysis lent favor to their speculation in favor of the isthmal classification system (Table 3). Additionally, some authors even went on to propose different algorithms for the proper treatment of non-unions based of fracture characteristics, including fracture stability[36]. Following the analysis, the differences found between the individual isthmal classifications lend favor to its use over other systems. In addition to fracture location, authors have raised questions over other factors that may affect procedural outcomes. While over-reaming is considered standard in most exchange nailing procedures, the suggested amount varies. Some articles report significant increase in union rates with different reaming sizes, while others found no difference. There was difficulty in comparing these claims across the literature due to the variation in reporting. Of the authors reporting reaming sizes, different ranges in millimeters (i.e., 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm vs 0-1 mm, 2-4 mm) were typically used disallowing consolidation of the information. Authors additionally raised concern over the success rates of exchange nailing based on the anterograde or retrograde revision technique[17], as well as the open or closed techniques[29]. Wu et al[29] found the closed revision technique of exchange nailing lead to faster union times while requiring less operating time to complete the procedure. However, they found the overall union rates of the procedures to be identical at 100%. In the other study, Wu et al[17] investigated the use of retrograde dynamic nailing after antegrade locked nailing had failed. In all 13 patients, retrograde revision techniques lead to osseous union of the femur fracture. Information in additional articles addressing these procedural techniques was not found leaving their comparisons for future research to address. While a large amount of patient information regarding these secondary treatments was gathered, the analysis was limited by the variation in reporting and characteristic descriptions across all papers. Some papers lacked specific patient information in regard to procedure successes and failures, while others reported characteristics in ways that hindered consolidation of the data. As such, the total patient population was restricted. In order to provide a more representative review of entire field of research, increased patient numbers and more consistent reporting styles are needed. Future analysis of these procedures should be performed once more data has been published. While the analysis yielded some significant results, other patient characteristics need to be investigated more thoroughly to gain a comprehensive insight into the common factors influencing procedure outcomes. Additionally, a comparison of external fixation/plating and internal fixation procedures in femoral non-unions could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the situations that require each secondary treatment technique. While exchange nailing showed higher union rates with comparable healing times to dynamization overall and in non-unions, the two procedures showed no significant difference in their results for the treatment of delayed unions. Upon examination of additional factors, specifically cost and invasiveness, dynamization should be considered the first treatment of delayed femur fractures. Conversely, in order to avoid further complications, including the need for additional surgery, exchange nailing is the treatment of choice for non-unions. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Research background Dynamization involves the removal of proximal or distal locking screws in a statically locked IM nail which allowing weight bearing to stimulate osseous growth at the fracture site. Research motivation Although rare, delayed union and non-union of fractures are major complications in the treatment of femoral fractures with intramedullary (IM) nailing. Surgeons use dynamization and exchange nailing to treat these complications and achieve osseous union. Research objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the literature on these procedures in their treatment of delayed and non-union femur fractures to determine their efficacy and factors related to their success. Research methods Exchange nailing consists of the removal of the current IM nail, debridement of the medullary cavity, followed by insertion of a larger IM nail. Currently there is lack updated systematic review and meta-analysis on efficacy of dynamamization vs exchange nailing in treatment of delayed and non-union femur fractures. Research results Ultimately, 31 peer-reviewed articles with 644 exchanged nailing patients and 131 dynamization patients were identified and analyzed. It was found that when treating femoral non-unions, exchange nailing was shown to achieve osseous union in a higher percentage of patients than dynamization with comparable recovery times. However, dynamization appears to be equally as effective as exchange nailing in the treatment of delayed unions. Research conclusions Exchange nailing is the procedure of choice between the two in the treatment of femoral non-unions due to its significantly higher success rate. Research perspectives Clinical randomized controlled studies on this topic will help further elucidate this conclusion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences’ Medical Student Summer Research Program for allowing collaboration between students and faculty, making this research project possible. Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors report no conflict of interest. Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript Peer-review started: February 6, 2018 First decision: March 2, 2018 Article in press: May 30, 2018 Specialty type: Orthopedics Country of origin: United States Peer-review report classification Grade A (Excellent): A Grade B (Very good): 0 Grade C (Good): C Grade D (Fair): 0 Grade E (Poor): 0 P- Reviewer: Drampalos E, Emara KM S- Editor: Ji FF L- Editor: A E- Editor: Tan WW ==== Refs 1 Vaughn J Gotha H Cohen E Fantry AJ Feller RJ Van Meter J Hayda R Born CT Nail Dynamization for Delayed Union and Nonunion in Femur and Tibia Fractures Orthopedics 2016 39 e1117 e1123 27575039 2 Lynch JR Taitsman LA Barei DP Nork SE Femoral nonunion: risk factors and treatment options J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008 16 88 97 18252839 3 Tigani D Fravisini M Stagni C Pascarella R Boriani S Interlocking nail for femoral shaft fractures: is dynamization always necessary? 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