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Data Brief
Data Brief
Data in Brief
2352-3409
Elsevier

S2352-3409(24)00842-4
10.1016/j.dib.2024.110879
110879
Data Article
Dataset of biopellet characteristics from various lignocellulosic agricultural waste and shrubs produced using different method
Yunianti Andi Detti a
Pangestu Kidung Tirtayasa Putra kidung_pangestu@unhas.ac.id
a⁎
Syahidah a
Bastian Februadi b
Pari Gustan c
Darmawan Saptadi c
a Faculty of forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
b Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
c The National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
⁎ Corresponding author. kidung_pangestu@unhas.ac.id
24 8 2024
12 2024
24 8 2024
57 11087922 4 2024
20 8 2024
20 8 2024
© 2024 The Author(s)
2024
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
The data presented here is the characteristics of biopellets and its raw materials. The raw materials of lignocellulosic waste (coffee skin, corncob, patchouli waste) and shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium) were collected from certain districts in Indonesia which provided quite abundant stocks of these raw materials. The raw material preparation and pelletization at room temperature (25 °C) using a manual press machine were carried out at Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. Meanwhile, pelletization at high temperatures (225 °C) was carried out at The Integrated Laboratory of Forest Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. The evaluation of density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, and amount of fixed carbon were also carried out at the laboratory. Meanwhile, evaluation of mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl) and calorivic value was carried out at the Livestock Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia. The results show that pelletization at high temperature produces better quality biopellets compared to pelletization at room temperature. Pelletization of L. leucocephala at high temperature produces the best quality biopellets with the highest density (1.17 g/cm3) and calorific value (4726 kcal/kg) and the lowest moisture content (4.87 %) and mineral content (0.01 % of S, 0.0014 % of Na2O, 1.53 % of K2O, and 0.17 % of Cl) among the other raw materials tested. This dataset is expected to be a primary source in comparing and determining the proper type of raw material for biopellet production as an alternative renewable energy source, especially those originating from shrubs and similar lignocellulosic waste.

Keywords

Corncob
Leucaena leucocephala
Coffee skin
Pogostemon cablin
Gliricidia sepium
Shrub
Room temperature production
High temperature production
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pmcSpecifications TableSubject	Energy (Bioenergy)	
Specific subject area	Biopellet as one of renewable energy produce from a various lignocellulosic agricultural waste and shrubs using with and without heat treatment	
Type of data	Table and Chart.
Raw and Filtered.	
Data collection	The data collected from experimental study. Raw materials of biopellet were chosen from waste (corncob, patchouli/Pogostemon cablin leaf waste, and coffee skin) and shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium). Pelletization was carried out under heat (225 °C) and room (25 °C) temperature condition. The characteristics of raw materials and the produced biopellets were tested according to the following parameters. Density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, and amount of fixed carbon were tested at The Integrated Laboratory of Forest Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia (−6.598432, 106.780952), while mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl) and calorivic value were tested at Livestock Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia (−6.663145, 106.857261).	
Data source location	Raw material samples of Z. mays, G. sepium, and L. leucocephala were obtained from Barru Regency (−4.483370, 119.684827), while C. arabica and P. cablin sample were obtained from Sinjai Regency (−5.186716, 120.148015), South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Pelletization these materials was carried out at Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (−5.130216, 119.487747).	
Data accessibility	Repository name: Mendeley Data
Data identification number: 10.17632/g5jb9dn5mv.1
Direct URL to data: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/g5jb9dn5mv/1	

1 Value of the Data

• This data is expected to become the basis for information regarding biopellet raw materials from shrubs and lignocellulosic waste

• This data comprehensively compares the characteristics of biopellets from two different methods. It is a method of hot and heatless molding at certain pressures and times

• This data provides information regarding the effect of lignin on the characteristics of biopellets produced using the heat method.

2 Background

Global statistics show that global energy consumption reached 15.1 million tons of oil equivalent in 2022, predominantly from fossil fuels (89 %) [1]. The extensive fossil fuels exploitation and consumption have led to severe environmental issues. Therefore, it is necessary to develop renewable, sustainable, clean and environmentally friendly energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, this research is an actualization of support for the national agenda of Indonesia in promoting decarbonization to achieve carbon neutrality or net zero emissions. One of the programs as stated in the General Plan for National Electricity of Indonesia 2019–2038 is the development of cofiring materials in steam power plants by utilizing new renewable energy to reduce at least 5 % of coal. Thus, the transition to renewable energy is essential to reduce environmental damage, ensure a clean environment, and improve healthy living conditions.

Various types of renewable energy sources have been researched and developed, for example solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy [[2], [3], [4], [5]]. Among these renewable energy sources, biomass is a profitable energy source because the manufacturing process is easy and cheap [6]. Biopellets as a biomass product for energy have been widely produced and studied from various types of wood and wood waste [7]. Although this raw material source produces high energy content, it is less promising due to the long rotation of wood. Biopellets made from agricultural and plantation waste have also been widely reported [[8], [9], [10], [11]]. However, the characteristics of the raw materials and biopellet products from these materials have not been thoroughly investigated. We report here a fundamental study on the characteristics of biopellets made from waste or shrubs, which include: density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, amount of fixed carbon, mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl), and calorivic value.

3 Data Description

This dataset consists of 3 groups of datas. They are the characteristics of biopellet raw materials and the characteristics of biopellets produced using both high (225 °C) and room (25 °C) temperature molding methods. The characteristics of raw materials consists of density, moisture content, and lignin content, while the characteristics of biopellets produced both at high and room temperatures consists of density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, amount of fixed carbon, mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl), and calorivic value. These datas are presented in detail in Table 1. Specific comparisons of the three data groups are presented in the Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6.Table 1 The characteristics of the raw materials, biopellets produced at room temperature, and biopellets produced at high temperature.

Table 1Materials	Density (g/cm3)	MC
(%)	Volatile matter (%)	Ash
(%)	Fixed Carbon (%)	Sulfur (%)	Na2O
(%)	K2O
(%)	Cl
(%)	Lignin (%)	Energy (kcal/kg)	
Corncob (Z. mays)	
 Raw	0.50	9.92	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15.63	–	
	0.03	0.93	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 25 °C	0.55	8.07	77.83	2.52	11.59	0.08	0.0052	0.7955	0.35	–	3937	
	0.01	0.12	1.44	0.05	1.44	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 225 °C	0.90	5.11	74.82	3.40	16.67	0.01	0.0020	2.5722	0.23	–	4492	
	0.06	0.04	0.41	0.08	0.28	–	–	–	–	–	–	
L. leucocephala	
 Raw	0.63	11.50	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	24.58	–	
	0.01	4.25	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 25 °C	0.73	7.94	62.28	18.06	11.71	0.05	0.0007	0.5800	0.07	–	3948	
	0.02	0.10	0.53	0.09	0.53							
 225 °C	1.17	4.87	73.53	2.73	18.88	0.01	0.0014	1.5306	0.17	–	4726	
	0.03	0.10	0.24	0.16	0.30	–	–	–	–	–	–	
Coffee skin (C. arabica)	
 Raw	0.71	12.40	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	42.36	–	
	0.03	0.16	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 25 °C	0.73	12.31	68.37	6.59	12.74	0.19	0.0165	2.1696	0.17	–	3861	
	0.03	0.19	2.14	0.06	2.26	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 225 °C	1.14	6.24	63.04	1.78	28.95	0.09	0.0033	6.8322	0.19	–	4589	
	0.04	0.02	0.39	0.07	0.48	–	–	–	–	–	–	
Patchouli distillation waste (P. cablin)	
 Raw	0.69	9.69	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	32.64	–	
	0.02	0.88	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 25 °C	0.68	4.15	75.78	2.85	17.22	0.21	0.0482	2.2344	0.66	–	3443	
	0.01	0.03	1.25	0.84	0.55	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 225 °C	1.13	7.19	68.95	6.79	17.08	0.07	0.0569	4.4658	0.52	–	3840	
	0.07	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.01	–	–	–	–	–	–	
G. sepium	
 Raw	0.69	10.94	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	24.42	–	
	0.02	3.39	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 25 °C	0.63	3.01	77.64	2.17	17.19	0.06	0.0012	0.7000	0.14	–	3902	
	0.02	0.03	0.19	0.09	0.15	–	–	–	–	–	–	
 225 °C	1.00	5.34	74.27	1.70	18.70	0.02	0.0007	2.8830	0.17	–	4682	
	0.02	0.08	0.86	0.97	0.20	–	–	–	–	–	–	
Note: Pelletization performed at 25 °C (room temperature) and at 225 °C (high temperature), the bold numbers are standard deviations.

Fig. 1 Density comparison between the raw materials, biopellets produced at room temperature (25 °C), and biopellets produced at high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Moisture content comparison between the raw materials, biopellets produced at room temperature (25 °C), and biopellets produced at high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Volatile matter comparison between biopellets produced at room (25 °C) and high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 3

Fig. 4 Ash content comparison between biopellets produced at room (25 °C) and high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 4

Fig. 5 Fixed carbon content comparison between biopellets produced at room (25 °C) and high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Calorivic value comparison between biopellets produced at room (25 °C) and high temperature (225 °C).

Fig. 6

4 Experimental Design, Materials and Methods

This research was conducted systematically as depicted in Fig. 7.Fig. 7 Flow chart of research method.

Fig. 7

4.1 Raw material preparation

Two types of materials used were waste and shrubs. The waste chosen consisted of corncobs (Zea mays), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) oil distillation waste, and coffee (Coffea arabica) skin waste. Meanwhile, the shrubs chosen consisted of gamal (Gliricidia sepium) and lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) stem or branch. Raw material samples of corncob, G. sepium, and L. leucocephala were obtained from Barru Regency (−4.483370, 119.684827), while coffee skin and P. cablin waste sample were obtained from Sinjai Regency (−5.186716, 120.148015), South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. All these raw materials were washed thoroughly then dried (moisture content <12 %) and converted into chips using a hammer mill. The chips selected as raw material for biopellets were those that pass through the 60 mess sieve and were netted on the 80 mess sieve.

4.2 Raw material characteristics evaluation

Basic characteristic evaluation of raw materials was carried out before pelletization based on the following parameters: density, moisture content, and lignin content. The density and moisture content testing were carried out refering to SNI 8951:2020. While, calculating the lignin content of each material to be used for biopellets refered to TAPPI T22 om-88 (Acid Soluble Lignin).

4.3 Pelletization

Biopellets were produced using two different molding methods. First Method (pelletization at room temperature) refers to Cahyani et al. [12]. It was begin by evenly mixing the raw material flakes with 5 wt%. tapioca adhesive. This adhesive was made by mixing tapioca flour and water in a ratio of 1:20 w/w on low heat. ±1.2 g of the mixture was molded using a single manual pellet press with a diameter of 12 mm and a length of 13 mm at room temperature (25 °C). Next, the produced biopellets were dried in an oven at 65 °C for 24 h. Second Method (pelletization at high temperature) refers to Mustamu et al. [13]. The raw material chips (without adhesive) were placed directly into a molding machine with a diameter of 16 mm and a length of 3 cm. Then, pelletization was carried out at 2750 psi and 225 °C for 3 min.

4.4 Biopellet characteristics evaluation

Both of biopellet produced at high and room temperature were tested according to the following parameteres: density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, amount of fixed carbon, mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl), and calorivic value. Density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, and amount of fixed carbon were tested at The Integrated Laboratory of Forest Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia (−6.598432, 106.780952), while mineral content (sulfur, Na2O, K2O, Cl) and calorivic value were tested at Livestock Research Institute, Bogor, Indonesia (−6.663145, 106.857261).

Limitations

There are limited in molding equipment so that the size of the biopellets produced was not the same between the first method (room temperature/25 °C) and the second method (high temperature/225 °C). However, the possibility of bias resulting from these problems is small enough that it can probably be ignored.

Ethics Statement

The authors have read and follow the ethical requirements for publication in Data in Brief and confirming that the current work does not involve human subjects, animal experiments, or any data collected from social media platforms.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Andi Detti Yunianti: Conceptualization, Methodology. Kidung Tirtayasa Putra Pangestu: Data curation, Writing – original draft. Syahidah: Visualization, Investigation. Februadi Bastian: Supervision. Gustan Pari: Software, Validation. Saptadi Darmawan: Supervision.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data Availability

Dataset of Biopellet Characteristics from Various Low-Economic Lignocellulosic Materials Produced Using Different Method (Original data) (Mendeley Data).

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank to Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan/LPDP) for financial support under grant number 33/IV/KS/05/2023 .
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