
==== Front
Int J Sports Phys Ther
Int J Sports Phys Ther
2159
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
2159-2896
NASMI Website: International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

33842051
21251
10.26603/001c.21251
Clinical Commentary/Current Concept Review
Visual Perturbation to Enhance Return to Sport Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Clinical Commentary
Wohl Timothy R 2
Criss Cody R 1
Grooms Dustin R 3
1 Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, USA; Translational Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
2 Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
3 Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, USA
Corresponding author: Dustin R. Grooms, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, groomsd@ohio.edu T: 740.593.2552
1 4 2021
2021
16 2 552564
26 4 2020
10 10 2020
© The Author(s)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License (4.0) which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. If you remix, transform, or build upon this work, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common traumatic knee injuries causing joint instability, quadriceps muscle weakness and impaired motor coordination. The neuromuscular consequences of injury are not limited to the joint and surrounding musculature, but may modulate central nervous system reorganization. Neuroimaging data suggest patients with ACL injuries may require greater levels of visual-motor and neurocognitive processing activity to sustain lower limb control relative to healthy matched counterparts. Therapy currently fails to adequately address these nuanced consequences of ACL injury, which likely contributes to impaired neuromuscular control when visually or cognitively challenged and high rates of re-injury. This gap in rehabilitation may be filled by visual perturbation training, which may reweight sensory neural processing toward proprioception and reduce the dependency on vision to perform lower extremity motor tasks and/or increase visuomotor processing efficiency. This clinical commentary details a novel approach to supplement the current standard of care for ACL injury by incorporating stroboscopic glasses with key motor learning principles customized to target visual and cognitive dependence for motor control after ACL injury.

Level of Evidence

5

anterior cruciate ligament
acl
rehabilitation
stroboscopic glasses
==== Body
pmcIntroduction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common orthopedic injuries,1 involving an extensive plan of care and physical therapy following surgical reconstruction.2 Despite receiving comprehensive approaches to restore knee function, quadriceps strength,3,4 and joint stability,5–7 re-injury rates remain high, especially among young female athletes.4,8–17 This increased risk of re-injury may stem from nuanced neuromuscular consequences of ACL injury that therapy may not adequately address.

While ACL tears are peripheral joint injuries, the combination of effusion, pain, mechanical instability and deafferentation secondary to loss of joint mechanoreceptors may modulate central nervous system (CNS) reorganization.18,19 The CNS reorganization manifests as proprioceptive deficits and impaired motor coordination secondary to increased attentional, cognitive20–23 and visual relative to proprioceptive processing demands for motor control.20–35 A potential avenue to augment ACL rehabilitation is to facilitate sensory reweighting (nervous system adjustment of relative sensory input/processing for motor control) by shifting the post-injury reliance on vision for motor control to remaining proprioceptive inputs (e.g., the joint capsule, other ligaments, muscle spindles). Specifically, the use of visual perturbation training, which aims to reduce visual input availability during standard rehabilitative exercises, may reduce the dependency on vision and reweight neural processing toward proprioception and/or increase visuomotor processing efficiency.36 Additionally, the application of key motor learning principles may support visual perturbation training, such as 1) an external visual focus of attention or cueing to help ensure visuospatial demands during training and 2) implicit learning to reduce the cognitive requirements for motor control and promote movement automaticity.37–40 The following commentary details an example of a sensory reweighting protocol that combines the use of stroboscopic glasses and key motor learning principles.

Behavioral Support for Increased Visual Reliance & Neurocognitive Motor Planning following ACL Injury

Increased Visual Reliance

A series of investigations in ACL deficient (ACL-D) and reconstructed (ACL-R) patients provide support for increased visual reliance for motor control.26–35 During postural control tasks, patients with ACL injuries and uninjured controls performed similarly when vision was unobstructed.31,32 However, when vision was perturbed, patients with ACL injuries performed significantly worse (e.g., increased postural sway, failure in task completion).28,30,33–35 While a recent meta-analysis indicated patients with ACL-R are not as dependent on vision for postural control as patients with ACL-D,41 the mixed finding may be secondary to not challenging knee control during single-leg stance (by allowing a straight leg position), static postural control not being sufficiently challenging in those with reconstruction or complete vision obstruction not perturbating visuospatial processing sufficiently to elicit a deficit. This is exemplified by patients with ACL-R being more affected by visual perturbation (i.e., stroboscopic glasses) during drop landing and the transition from double to single leg stance with eyes closed and when challenged with visuocognitive tasks relative to matched controls.27,34,42

An increased weighting towards visual input and processing for postural and lower extremity motor control following ACL injury may emerge from a sensory reweighting phenomenon that is driven, in part, by insult to the underlying joint tissue and ligament mechanoreceptors.25 These mechanoreceptors, including Ruffini and Pacinian corpuscles, provide information about joint position, motion and acceleration, and their loss compromises proprioception and functional stability.43–46 Consequently, the CNS may employ functional strategies, such as sensory reweighting to more reliable stimuli (e.g., vision, vestibular), or increase cognitive and attentional processes to maintain adequate motor control.36,47–51 The Bayesian optimal integration model details how weighting sensory stimuli by reliability reduces the uncertainty of perception, thereby optimizing performance.52–54 Further, physical therapy following ACL injury may also increase visual attention to the knee, as clinicians primarily utilize visually-dominated exercises and provide feedback with an internal focus of attention (i.e., emphasizing movement kinematics or muscle activation, rather than movement actions) to the injured joint.37,55–59 However, weighting vision to guide lower limb movement may be maladaptive for athletes returning to a competitive sport environment, where the high demand to integrate dynamic visual information may limit the CNS’s capacity to allocate neural resources to guide movement. Therefore, patients with ACL injuries may benefit from therapeutic interventions that encourage sensory reweighting from vision towards proprioception for motor control.

Increased Neurocognitive Motor Planning

Excessive knee valgus has been identified as a major risk factor for primary and secondary ACL injury, with high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (73%).60 Herman and Barth identified a significant relationship between baseline neurocognition and knee valgus motion, where those with lower visual-memory and neurocognitive ability demonstrate increased knee valgus motion during a drop-landing task involving an unanticipated rebound immediately after landing.61 These studies suggest an athlete’s baseline neurocognitive function may contribute to his or her risk of injury.60,61 A common therapeutic modality used to target neurocognitive function is dual-tasking, which involves the completion of two or more tasks simultaneously (e.g., balancing on one leg while counting down from 1,000 by 7).62 For example, patients with ACL injuries exhibit higher dual task-related costs during postural stability, gait and balance tasks.23,63–66 Taken together, following ACL injury, patients may experience a reduced capability to simultaneously engage in cognitive processing and motor performance. Neural mechanisms for this deficit may be secondary to the disruption of typical ACL afferent information utilized by the primary motor cortex, which may result in increased frontal activity (e.g., presupplementary motor area, supplementary motor area) to compensate.21,67,68 Thus, the cognitive demands of sport may exceed the patient’s capability to optimally attend to external visual stimuli (e.g., opponents, balls) and maintain low injury-risk biomechanics.

Neuroimaging Investigations following ACL Injury

ACL Injury Associated Visuomotor & Visuospatial Brain Activation

Cross-sectional studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have assessed neural activation differences for knee motor control in patients with ACL-D and ACL-R compared to uninjured, matched controls.20,21,69,70 In patients with ACL-D ~two years post-injury, fMRI identified increased activation in the posterior inferior temporal gyrus during a unilateral knee flexion/extension task.69 The posterior inferior temporal gyrus has been implicated in the recognition of biological movements, such as gait-like motion, rather than random motion.71 For patients with ACL-R ~3 years post-surgery, fMRI further identified increased neural activity within the lingual gyrus for both knee and combined hip-knee coordinated movements.70,72 The lingual gyrus is involved in the cross-modal integration of congruent visual and tactile stimuli in a spatially-specific manner.73,74 Increased neural activity requirements for the posterior inferior temporal gyrus and lingual gyrus corroborate the behavioral investigations, indicating an increased reliance or shift in visual information processing during motor control following ACL injury.

ACL Injury Associated Neurocognitive Motor Planning Brain Activation

Other regions with increased neural activity include the presupplementary motor area in patients with ACL-D ~two years after injury as well as the frontal gyri, inferior frontal pole, paracingulate gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus for patients with ACL-R ~five years post-surgery.22,69 While both injured populations performed identical tasks, differences in neural activation patterns are likely attributed to demographic (high vs. low functioning patients, activity level), surgical, time from injury, and rehabilitation protocol differences. Increased activation of the presupplementary motor area in patients with ACL-D may reflect increased cortical activity for planning simple movements.69 Increased activation across the frontal lobe in regions responsible for motor control further supports the hypothesis that patients with ACL injuries utilize increased cognitive resources for motor control by engaging in less efficient neural activation strategies.22 Neural efficiency refers to the reduced neural activity requirements of experts to perform a learned skill or task relative to novices, suggesting relative magnitude of neural activity scales with expertise and the ability to handle more complex coordination or environmental perturbations.75–78

The lack of neural efficiency and associated frontal region activity is corroborated with electroencephalography (EEG), indicating increased frontal theta power during force control and joint position tasks in patients with ACL-R ~one year post-surgery compared to uninjured controls.20,21 Frontal Theta power is an indicator of focused attention and task complexity,20 which may indicate that simple knee force control and joint position tasks are more complex and require greater attention for patients with ACL-R. Additionally, EEG has revealed that patients with ACL-D require more cognition/attention resources relative to healthy controls during walking, running and landing tasks as evidenced by significant increases in delta, theta, alpha, and beta band power, as well as asymmetry of the beta band power across the frontal and parietal lobes during jogging and landing.79 Increased activation across the frontal lobe, presupplementary motor area, increased frontal theta power during joint position sense and force matching tasks and increased cognition/attention during walking, jogging and landing support the behavioral data indicating increased neurocognitive motor planning neural activity following ACL injury. Taken together, patients with ACL injuries may experience a loss of neural efficiency to engage in motor control, thereby contributing to both 1) impaired motor performance during dual-tasking or unanticipated movements and 2) an increased risk of secondary injury when attempting to rapidly increase motor complexity and environmental stimuli during early return to sport.23,63–66,80–82

Sensory Reweighting Therapy

Visual Perturbation Training

Functional navigation and interaction with the environment rely heavily upon continual integration of visual information.71,83,84 Visual information processing is further recruited for motor control following ACL injury, potentially due to sensory reweighting from the deafferentation of joint mechanoreceptors and/or the use of visually-dominated exercises and internal feedback to the injured joint during physical therapy.36,37,55–59 While patients may be able to compensate with increased visual processing for simple exercises, an inundation of dynamic visual information on the sporting field may overwhelm neural processing resources and the visually biased movement compensation strategy may become a re-injury risk liability. ACL rehabilitation efforts may consider incorporating complex sensory challenges, like visual perturbation, in order to simulate the dynamic sport environment that athletes will face once they leave the clinic.20,21,29,85–87

Stroboscopic glasses (SG) provide a novel approach to train visuomotor function by perturbating and reducing visual feedback.36 Typically, visual perturbation training has been limited to eyes open and eyes closed conditions with no progression between, but SG provides the ability to incrementally perturb visual information by increasing the duration of the opaque state (range: 25 to 900 msec) relative to the constant duration of the transparent state (100 msec).88 Originally designed to be a mobile sports training tool, SG has allowed researchers to investigate the effects of perturbed vision in context-specific environments.89 Early research with SG explored behavioral performance on motion coherence, divided attention, multiple-object tracking,90 short-term visual memory,91 and anticipation,92 as well as performance on sports-specific tasks from single-leg squatting,93 ice hockey,94 tennis,95 and badminton.96 These authors concluded visual perturbation training improves sport-specific behavioral performance and aspects of neurocognition including visual memory, anticipatory timing of moving visual stimuli, and central visual field motion sensitivity and transient attention ability.

SG simulates the dynamic visuomotor and cognitive/attentional demands of athletic activity while remaining in a controlled clinical environment.92,94,97,98 As patients with ACL injuries exhibit degraded motor control during drop-jump landing, cutting, and postural control under impaired visual conditions relative to normal vision,27,28,30,33–35,99,100 SG may facilitate increased proprioceptive integration in response to perturbed visuospatial information.36,89 ACL rehabilitation efforts that incorporate SG may be able to alter sensory weighting by decreasing the amount of visual information available to the athlete, thereby requiring the athlete to upregulate their use of remaining proprioceptive or vestibular inputs to guide movement. Utilizing SG in ACL rehabilitation may also enhance visuomotor processing efficiency in a compensatory manner to handle the increased reliance on vision to maintain low injury-risk biomechanics.48

Motor Learning Principles

A key limitation of ACL rehabilitation is the inability to facilitate the acquisition of injury-resistant motor patterns that persist beyond the clinic.101 This limitation likely contributes to high rates of secondary injury and long-term pathologic sequalae, such as aberrant joint loading and early-onset osteoarthritis.102 The incorporation of motor learning principles may facilitate the acquisition of lasting, injury-resistant movement patterns that persist beyond the clinic and into the field,103 since these principles can facilitate neuroplasticity in cortical regions dedicated to movement.104,105 Specifically, the use of an external focus of attention and implicit learning may serve an adjunctive role to sensory reweighting therapy. An external visual focus of attention can ensure visuospatial demands during training and implicit learning can reduce the cognitive demands for motor control to potentially enhance training.37–40

i. Modified External Focus of Attention for Visuospatial Attention

While the classic definition of external focus (EF) feedback is purely an attentional manipulation, this clinical commentary modified the traditional EF framework to push attentional focus toward the external visuospatial environment. ACL therapy that employs a visual EF can simulate real-world training scenarios that better prepare athletes for return to activity when visual attention is focused on the environment and not the body. Training with EF prioritizes the movement goal or the movement’s effect on the environment, rather than an internal focus (IF) on the movement or body segment itself.106 For example, a therapist who directs patients to balance a light-weight bar horizontally with their outstretched arm while performing a single-leg balance task employs visual EF.37,107 In contrast, a therapist who directs patients to actively attend to their ankle, knee and hip alignment while balancing employs IF, which is the predominant strategy in ACL therapy. An IF approach to therapy may hinder the translational benefits of rehabilitation, as humans typically navigate the world with a visual EF on the environment (e.g., running to a ball) – not on their moving joints or mechanics.108

The Constrained Action Hypothesis posits conscious (cortical) awareness of movement constrains the automatic, subcortical processes that would otherwise facilitate movement.109 By training with EF, one may relieve the attentional demands on the cortex by shifting motor control to subcortical regions and enhance motor learning and performance relative to training with IF.102,110–113 Behaviorally, training with EF improves agility performance,57 increases jump height,114 and promotes safer landing patterns during a single-leg hop for distance task in patients with ACL-R compared to performance with IF.115 Additionally, engaging in EF increases time to failure, reduces ratings of perceived exertion,116,117 and increases movement efficiency potentially by reducing unnecessary muscle contributions by modulating the inhibitory mechanisms within the primary motor cortex.117,118

ii. Implicit Learning

Developmentally, humans learn to move through observation and implicit trial-and-error (e.g., learning to ride a bike, walk, throw).119 Implicit feedback facilitates motor learning without explicit, declarative instructions or cuing,37 thereby increasing neural efficiency by reducing the attentional demands to engage in complex movement. While explicit cuing engages cognitive processes (frontoparietal regions), implicit cuing facilitates more direct sensorimotor activity.120 Further, training with implicit cuing has recently been associated with motor cortex reorganization, potentially supporting more efficient premotor or cortical interneuron processes.121 While few studies have examined the behavioral impacts of implicit cues for sports medicine, Popovic et al. demonstrated improved landing biomechanics with implicit feedback relative to explicit/no feedback.40 Thus, instructional language informed by implicit learning may augment visual perturbation training by modulating sensorimotor neural activity and potentially increasing neural efficiency by reducing the cognitive load of learning injury-resistant movement strategies. The newly freed cortical resources may enable athletes to more readily attend to visual distractors during high-level sport (e.g., the ball, opponents) while maintaining neuromuscular control.37,122

For example, consider the scenario where a therapist trains an athlete with an ACL injury to land correctly after a drop vertical jump. A therapist may opt to follow an explicit learning model and inform the athlete of all the biomechanical variables he or she is evaluating (e.g., trunk flexion, knee flexion, knee valgus, foot rotation, etc.). This type of learning requires the athlete to attend to multiple aspects of his or her landing mechanics, thereby occupying a substantial amount of his or her cognitive resources. However, a therapist who opts-in to implicit learning may instead provide metaphorical instructional language (e.g., “land like a feather”) and simple “yes/no” or “good/bad” feedback to train the athlete to land. This trial-and-error method may augment visual perturbation training by alleviating the burden of attending to biomechanical variables, thereby freeing the athlete’s cognitive resources to attend to external visual stimuli without compromising their neuromuscular control.

Clinical Application

Future studies are needed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of combining SG and motor learning principles (i.e., EF, implicit learning) with traditional therapeutic exercises during ACL rehabilitation. A barrier to such studies is a lack of clearly defined and easily replicable exercises that combine these novel modalities. This clinical commentary details ways therapists and researchers can supplement the current standard of care by adding SG and motor learning principles to agility, balance and plyometric exercises in novel ways. Provided are example exercises with specific instructional language and visual targets (Table 1). Further clinical examples of EF and implicit learning can be found in the work of Gokeler et al.37 An error scoring system with detailed criteria to assess behavioral performance while wearing SG is provided as well (Table 2).

54052 Table 1: Instrumentation and Instruction to Facilitate Perception-Action that Employs Visual External Focus and Implicit Learning Principles.

Exercise	Visual Cues	Implicit Cues	
T-test	Tap the cones	"Run as fast as a cheetah"	
Agility Ladder Drills	The confines of the ladder	"The floor is as hot as lava"	
Single-leg Deadlifts	Place an object by the cone(s)	"Flow like water"	
Single-leg Stance (on foam)	Hold the bar horizontally	"Be steady as a rock"	
Vertical Jumps	Hit the overhead target	"Explode like a volcano"	
Squat Jumps	Land facing the cones	"Jump like a kangaroo"	

54053 Table 2: Error Scoring System Used to Assess Behavioral Performance.

Exercise	Error Count	
T-test	Miss a cone

Cut to the wrong direction

	
Agility Ladder Drills	Hit the ladder

Incorrect foot placement

	
Single-leg Deadlifts	Opposite foot touches ground

Either hand touches ground

Object placed in wrong location

	
Single-leg Stance (on foam)	Opposite foot touches ground

Either hand touches ground

	
Vertical Jumps	Miss the target

Land on wrong foot

	
Squat Jumps	Land facing wrong orientation

	

Agility Drills

(1) The T-test requires the athlete to run 10 m to tap a cone, cut to the right or left for 5 m to tap another cone, cut to the opposite direction for 10 m to tap the third cone, return to the center by cutting 5 m to tap the first cone and then run 10 m back to the start position - thereby running in a "T" formation (Figure 1A). A modification that increases the difficulty of this task and simulates the cognitive demands of sport is to have the clinician call out “Left” or “Right” to indicate which direction the athlete should cut prior to reaching the first cone, thereby creating an unanticipated cutting task which has been previously associated with increased injury-risk biomechanics compared to anticipated trials.123 (2) Agility ladder drills require athletes to match specified foot-placement patterns within the context of an agility ladder (Figure 1B).

Balance

(1) Single-leg deadlifts may be modified by requiring athletes to gently place a small object on the ground next to a cone target (Figure 1C). To increase the difficulty, multiple cones can be placed at different angles within the athlete’s field-of-view, set at distances equal to his or her max volitional reaching distance while standing on one leg. For example, if the clinician chooses to use three targets, then he or she may call out “Left,” “Center,” or “Right” to vary the task order and difficulty. (2) Single-leg stance on a foam surface may be modified by having the participant hold a light-weight bar with an outstretched arm and focus on keeping it steadily horizontal (Figure 1D).

54054 Figure 1: Exercise examples with clinical applications: (A) T-test, (B) Agility ladder drills, (C) Single-leg deadlifts, (D) Single-leg stance (on foam), (E) Vertical jumps, and (F) Squat jumps.

Plyometrics

(1) The VERTEC is a therapeutic tool that assesses maximum vertical jump height by requiring athletes to jump and hit an overhead target (Figure 1E). While using the VERTEC to have athletes hit a mark equal to 80% of their maximal jump height, clinicians may call out “Left” or “Right” during the initial flight phase of the jump to signal to the athlete to unilaterally land on his or her left or right leg.124,125 The use of spontaneous cuing creates an unanticipated landing task, which has been previously associated with increased injury-risk biomechanics compared to anticipated landing.126 (2) Jump squats may be modified by placing four cones around the participant at 0, 90, 180 and 270 degree positions (Figure 1F). After numbering each cone one through four, the clinician may then rapidly call out cues to the athlete to specify which cone they should face after each jump squat. To increase the difficulty of this cognitive challenge, the clinician can introduce more cones or increase the rapidity of cuing.

SG Level

Clinicians should first verify their athlete can perform all exercises successfully before incorporating SG. Then clinicians may expose their athlete to SG by beginning at the easiest difficulty level (highest frequency of fluctuation between transparent and opaque states). As their athlete improves performance behaviorally, clinicians may increase SG difficulty to increase the visual-cognitive demand.

In addition to the provided Error Scoring System (Table 2), clinicians may use the NASA Task Load Index questionnaire or Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion scale to optimize the SG difficulty level during training.127–129 These tools allow clinicians to assess an athlete’s perceived level of difficulty performing exercises with SG. For example, if clinicians want to simulate “hard/difficult” sports scenarios with SG, but their athlete rates his or her experience as “moderate,” clinicians may increase the visual perturbation by raising the SG difficulty level.

Alternatively, clinicians may opt to only incorporate SG into exercises that are below their athlete’s current physical capability initially. For example, if an athlete only recently performed a single-leg hop successfully, their clinician may choose to perturbate a single-leg balance exercise by adding SG. After successful completion of the single-leg balance exercise with SG, the clinician may then choose to advance the athlete’s training by incorporating SG into the harder single-leg hop task. This style of initially incorporating perturbations into exercises that are below a patient’s current physical capability is common in rehabilitation.

Conclusion

A novel approach to ACL rehabilitation that incorporates sensory reweighting therapy may shift neural processing toward proprioception and reduce the dependency on vision for motor control and/or increase visuomotor efficiency. ACL rehabilitation efforts that incorporate visual-perturbation training supplemented by motor learning principles (visual EF and implicit learning) may fill this gap. Future studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of sensory reweighting therapy in ACL rehabilitation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.
==== Refs
Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstruction: A 21-year population-based study The American Journal of Sports Medicine Sanders Thomas L. Maradit Kremers Hilal Bryan Andrew J. Larson Dirk R. Dahm Diane L. Levy Bruce A. Stuart Michael J. Krych Aaron J. 6 2016
44 6 1502 1507 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546516629944 PMID: 26920430 26920430
Beliefs and attitudes of members of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons regarding the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery: Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association Marx Robert G. Jones Edward C. Angel Michael Wickiewicz Thomas L. Warren Russell F. 9 2003
19 7 762 770 1526-3231 PMID: 12966385 12966385
ACL Rehabilitation progression: Where are we now? Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine Cavanaugh John T. Powers Matthew 8 8 2017
10 3 289 296 1935-973X 10.1007/s12178-017-9426-3 PMID: 28791612 PMCID: PMC5577427 28791612
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction rehabilitation: MOON guidelines Sports Health Wright Rick W. Haas Amanda K. Anderson Joy Calabrese Gary Cavanaugh John Hewett Timothy E. Lorring Dawn McKenzie Christopher Preston Emily Williams Glenn MOON Group 5 2015
7 3 239 243 1941-7381 10.1177/1941738113517855 PMID: 26131301 PMCID: PMC4482298 26131301
Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus British Journal of Sports Medicine Melick Nicky van Cingel Robert E. H. van Brooijmans Frans Neeter Camille Tienen Tony Hullegie Wim Sanden Maria W. G. Nijhuis-van 1 12 2016
50 24 1506 1515 0306-3674 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095898 PMID: 27539507
Rehabilitation practice patterns following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A survey of physical therapists Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Greenberg Elliot M. Greenberg Eric T. Albaugh Jeffrey Storey Eileen Ganley Theodore J. 22 5 2018
48 10 801 811 0190-6011 10.2519/jospt.2018.8264
The challenge of return to sports for patients post-ACL reconstruction The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Simoneau Guy G. Wilk Kevin E. 4 2012
42 4 300 301 1938-1344 10.2519/jospt.2012.0106 PMID: 22570882 22570882
Fifteen-year outcome of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft for "isolated" anterior cruciate ligament tear The American Journal of Sports Medicine Hui Catherine Salmon Lucy J. Kok Alison Maeno Shinichi Linklater James Pinczewski Leo A. 1 2011
39 1 89 98 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546510379975 PMID: 20962336
Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport The American Journal of Sports Medicine Paterno Mark V. Schmitt Laura C. Ford Kevin R. Rauh Mitchell J. Myer Gregory D. Huang Bin Hewett Timothy E. 10 2010
38 10 1968 1978 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546510376053 PMID: 20702858 PMCID: PMC4920967
Incidence of contralateral and ipsilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after primary ACL reconstruction and return to sport Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine Paterno Mark V. Rauh Mitchell J. Schmitt Laura C. Ford Kevin R. Hewett Timothy E. 3 2012
22 2 116 121 1536-3724 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318246ef9e PMID: 22343967 PMCID: PMC4168893 22343967
Incidence and risk factors for graft rupture and contralateral rupture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Arthroscopy Salmon Lucy Russell Vivianne Musgrove Tim Pinczewski Leo Refshauge Kathryn 1 8 2005
21 8 948 957 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.04.110
Incidence of subsequent injury to either knee within 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft The American Journal of Sports Medicine Shelbourne K. Donald Gray Tinker Haro Marc 2 2009
37 2 246 251 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546508325665 PMID: 19109531
Incidence of injury in texas girls' high school basketball The American Journal of Sports Medicine Gomez E. DeLee J. C. Farney W. C. 10 1996
24 5 684 687 0363-5465 10.1177/036354659602400521 PMID: 8883693
Epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: trends, readmissions, and subsequent knee surgery The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume Lyman Stephen Koulouvaris Panagiotis Sherman Seth Do Huong Mandl Lisa A. Marx Robert G. 10 2009
91 10 2321 2328 1535-1386 10.2106/JBJS.H.00539 PMID: 19797565
The incidence of injury in Texas high school basketball. A prospective study among male and female athletes The American Journal of Sports Medicine Messina D. F. Farney W. C. DeLee J. C. 6 1999
27 3 294 299 0363-5465 10.1177/03635465990270030401 PMID: 10352762 10352762
A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial The American Journal of Sports Medicine Pinczewski Leo A. Lyman Jeffrey Salmon Lucy J. Russell Vivianne J. Roe Justin Linklater James 4 2007
35 4 564 574 0363-5465 10.1177/0363546506296042 PMID: 17261567 17261567
Subsequent injury patterns in girls' high school sports Journal of Athletic Training Rauh Mitchell J Macera Caroline A Ji Ming Wiksten Denise L 2007
42 4 486 494 1062-6050 PMID: 18176621 PMCID: PMC2140074 18176621
Consequences of a ligament injury on neuromuscular function and relevance to rehabilitation - using the anterior cruciate ligament-injured knee as model Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology: Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology Ageberg Eva 6 2002
12 3 205 212 1050-6411 PMID: 12086815 12086815
Neuromuscular consequences of anterior cruciate ligament injury Clinics in Sports Medicine Ingersoll Christopher D. Grindstaff Terry L. Pietrosimone Brian G. Hart Joseph M. 7 2008
27 3 383 404, vii 1556-228X 10.1016/j.csm.2008.03.004 PMID: 18503874 18503874
Changed cortical activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a joint position paradigm: an EEG study Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports Baumeister J. Reinecke K. Weiss M. 8 2008
18 4 473 484 1600-0838 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00702.x PMID: 18067525 18067525
Altered electrocortical brain activity after ACL reconstruction during force control Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society Baumeister Jochen Reinecke Kirsten Schubert Michael Weiss Michael 9 2011
29 9 1383 1389 1554-527X 10.1002/jor.21380 PMID: 21437965 21437965
Quadriceps muscle function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: systemic differences in neural and morphological characteristics Experimental Brain Research Lepley Adam S. Grooms Dustin R. Burland Julie P. Davi Steven M. Kinsella-Shaw Jeffrey M. Lepley Lindsey K. 5 2019
237 5 1267 1278 1432-1106 10.1007/s00221-019-05499-x PMID: 30852644 30852644
Attentional demands of postural control during single leg stance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Neuroscience Letters Negahban Hossein Ahmadi Payam Salehi Reza Mehravar Mohammad Goharpey Shahin 27 11 2013
556 118 123 1872-7972 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.022 PMID: 24157849
The anterior cruciate ligament deficiency as a model of brain plasticity Medical Hypotheses Kapreli Eleni Athanasopoulos Spyridon 2006
67 3 645 650 0306-9877 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.063 PMID: 16698187 16698187
Neuromuscular deficits after peripheral joint injury: a neurophysiological hypothesis Muscle & Nerve Ward Sarah Pearce Alan J. Pietrosimone Brian Bennell Kim Clark Ross Bryant Adam L. 3 2015
51 3 327 332 1097-4598 10.1002/mus.24463 PMID: 25255714 25255714
Knee kinematics following acl reconstruction in females; the effect of vision on performance during a cutting task International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy Bjornaraa Jaynie Di Fabio Richard P. 12 2011
6 4 271 284 2159-2896 PMID: 22163089 PMCID: PMC3233270
Visual-motor control of drop landing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Journal of Athletic Training Grooms Dustin R. Chaudhari Ajit Page Stephen J. Nichols-Larsen Deborah S. Onate James A. 5 2018
53 5 486 496 1938-162X 10.4085/1062-6050-178-16 PMID: 29749751 PMCID: PMC6107770 29749751
Change in posture control after recent knee anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging Dauty Marc Collon Sylvie Dubois Charles 5 2010
30 3 187 191 1475-097X 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2010.00926.x PMID: 20345971 20345971
Function after anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Influence of visual control and proprioception Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica Fridén T. Roberts D. Movin T. Wredmark T. 12 1998
69 6 590 594 0001-6470 PMID: 9930103
Visual utilization during postural control in anterior cruciate ligament- deficient and -reconstructed patients: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Wikstrom Erik A. Song Kyeongtak Pietrosimone Brian G. Blackburn J. Troy Padua Darin A. 2017
98 10 2052 2065 1532-821X 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.04.010 PMID: 28483655 28483655
An Investigation of postural control in postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients Journal of Athletic Training Hoffman Mark Schrader John Koceja David 1999
34 2 130 136 1062-6050 PMID: 16558555 PMCID: PMC1322901 16558555
Strength, functional outcome, and postural stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Journal of Athletic Training Mattacola Carl G. Perrin David H. Gansneder Bruce M. Gieck Joe H. Saliba Ethan N. McCue Frank C. 2002
37 3 262 268 1062-6050 PMID: 12937583 PMCID: PMC164354 12937583
Postural sway and balance testing: a comparison of normal and anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees Gait & Posture O'Connell M George K Stock D 1 10 1998
8 2 136 142 1879-2219 10.1016/s0966-6362(98)00023-x PMID: 10200404
Postural stability deficits during the transition from double-leg stance to single-leg stance in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed subjects Human Movement Science Dingenen Bart Janssens Luc Claes Steven Bellemans Johan Staes Filip F. 6 2015
41 46 58 1872-7646 10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.001 PMID: 25744596 25744596
Effect of vision on postural sway in anterior cruciate ligament injured knees Journal of Orthopaedic Science: Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Okuda Kazuhiro Abe Nobuhiro Katayama Yoshimi Senda Masuo Kuroda Takayuki Inoue Hajime 5 2005
10 3 277 283 0949-2658 10.1007/s00776-005-0893-9 PMID: 15928890 15928890
Neuroplasticity following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a framework for visual-motor training approaches in rehabilitation The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Grooms Dustin Appelbaum Gregory Onate James 5 2015
45 5 381 393 1938-1344 10.2519/jospt.2015.5549 PMID: 25579692 25579692
Principles of motor learning to support neuroplasticity after ACL injury: Implications for optimizing performance and reducing risk of second ACL injury Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Gokeler Alli Neuhaus Dorothee Benjaminse Anne Grooms Dustin R. Baumeister Jochen 6 2019
49 6 853 865 1179-2035 10.1007/s40279-019-01058-0 PMID: 30719683 30719683
Primary motor and premotor cortex in implicit sequence learning--evidence for competition between implicit and explicit human motor memory systems The European Journal of Neuroscience Kantak Shailesh S. Mummidisetty Chaithanya K. Stinear James W. 9 2012
36 5 2710 2715 1460-9568 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08175.x PMID: 22758604 22758604
The role of vision and movement automization on the focus of attention effect Journal of Motor Learning and Development Porter Jared Makaruk Hubert Starzak Marcin 1 12 2016
4 152 168 10.1123/jmld.2015-0020
Implicit video feedback produces positive changes in landing mechanics Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics Popovic Tijana Caswell Shane V. Benjaminse Anne Siragy Tarique Ambegaonkar Jatin Cortes Nelson 2 5 2018
5 2019-12-17 2197-1153 10.1186/s40634-018-0129-5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5931948/ PMID: 29721781 PMCID: PMC5931948
ACL reconstructed individuals do not demonstrate deficits in postural control as measured by single-leg balance Gait & Posture Bodkin Stephan G. Slater Lindsay V. Norte Grant E. Goetschius John Hart Joseph M. 2018
66 296 299 1879-2219 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.06.120 PMID: 29958793 29958793
Postural stability during visual-based cognitive and motor dual-tasks after ACLR Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Miko Sarah C. Simon Janet E. Monfort Scott M. Yom Jae P. Ulloa Sergio Grooms Dustin R. 28 7 2020
2020-8-7 1440-2440 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244020306915
Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance The American Journal of Sports Medicine Kennedy J. C. Alexander I. J. Hayes K. C. 12 1982
10 6 329 335 0363-5465 10.1177/036354658201000601 PMID: 6897495
Neural anatomy of the human anterior cruciate ligament The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume Schutte M. J. Dabezies E. J. Zimny M. L. Happel L. T. 2 1987
69 2 243 247 0021-9355 PMID: 3805085
Mechanoreceptors in the human anterior cruciate ligament The Anatomical Record Zimny M. L. Schutte M. Dabezies E. 2 1986
214 2 204 209 0003-276X 10.1002/ar.1092140216 PMID: 3954077
Proprioception in anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees and its relevance in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Dhillon Mandeep S Bali Kamal Prabhakar Sharad 2011
45 4 294 300 0019-5413 10.4103/0019-5413.80320 PMID: 21772620 PMCID: PMC3134012 21772620
Sensory reweighting dynamics in human postural control Journal of Neurophysiology Assländer Lorenz Peterka Robert J. 5 2014
111 9 1852 1864 1522-1598 10.1152/jn.00669.2013 PMID: 24501263 PMCID: PMC4044370 24501263
Balancing sensory inputs: Sensory reweighting of ankle proprioception and vision during a bipedal posture task Gait & Posture Kabbaligere Rakshatha Lee Beom-Chan Layne Charles S. 2017
52 244 250 1879-2219 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.12.009 PMID: 27978501 27978501
Multisensory integration during motor planning The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience Sober Samuel J. Sabes Philip N. 6 8 2003
23 18 6982 6992 1529-2401 PMID: 12904459 12904459
Proprioceptive and behavior impairments in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Bonfim Thátia R. Jansen Paccola Cleber Antonio Barela José A. 8 2003
84 8 1217 1223 0003-9993 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00147-3 PMID: 12917863 12917863
Proprioceptive sensitivity and performance in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee joints Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports Fischer-Rasmussen T. Jensen P. E. 4 2000
10 2 85 89 0905-7188 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010002085.x PMID: 10755278 10755278
Bayesian integration of visual and auditory signals for spatial localization JOSA A Battaglia Peter W. Jacobs Robert A. Aslin Richard N. 1 7 2003
20 7 1391 1397 1520-8532 10.1364/JOSAA.20.001391
Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion Nature Ernst Marc O. Banks Martin S. 1 2002
415 6870 429 1476-4687 10.1038/415429a
The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation Trends in Neurosciences Knill David C. Pouget Alexandre 1 12 2004
27 12 712 719 0166-2236 10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.007
Internal and external focus of attention during gait re-education: an observational study of physical therapist practice in stroke rehabilitation Physical Therapy Johnson Louise Burridge Jane H. Demain Sara H. 7 2013
93 7 957 966 1538-6724 10.2522/ptj.20120300 PMID: 23559523 23559523
Coaching cues in amateur boxing: an analysis of ringside feedback provided between rounds of competition Halperin Israel Chapman Dale W. Martin David T. Abbiss Chris R. Wulf Gabriele 2016
25 44 50 2020-3-6
Directing attention externally enhances agility performance: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the efficacy of using verbal instructions to focus attention Frontiers in Psychology Porter Jared M. Nolan Russell P. Ostrowski Erik J. Wulf Gabriele 2010
1 216 1664-1078 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00216 PMID: 21833271 PMCID: PMC3153821 21833271
Use of information feedback and attentional focus of feedback in treating the person with a hemiplegic arm Physiotherapy Research International: The Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy Durham Katherine Van Vliet Paulette M. Badger Frances Sackley Catherine 6 2009
14 2 77 90 1358-2267 10.1002/pri.431 PMID: 19107706 19107706
The impact of attentional focus on the treatment of musculoskeletal and movement disorders International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy Hunt Christopher Paez Arsenio Folmar Eric 11 2017
12 6 901 907 2159-2896 PMID: 29158952 PMCID: PMC5675366
Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study The American Journal of Sports Medicine Hewett Timothy E. Myer Gregory D. Ford Kevin R. Heidt Robert S. Colosimo Angelo J. McLean Scott G. Bogert Antonie J. Paterno Mark V. Succop Paul 4 2005
33 4 492 501 0363-5465 10.1177/0363546504269591 PMID: 15722287 15722287
Drop-jump landing varies with baseline neurocognition: Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk and prevention The American Journal of Sports Medicine Herman Daniel C. Barth Jeffrey T. 9 2016
44 9 2347 2353 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546516657338 PMID: 27474381 PMCID: PMC6039105 27474381
The effects of cognitive loading on motor behavior in injured individuals: a systematic review Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Burcal Christopher J. Needle Alan R. Custer Lisa Rosen Adam B. 8 2019
49 8 1233 1253 1179-2035 10.1007/s40279-019-01116-7 PMID: 31066022 31066022
Dual-tasking effects on dynamic postural stability in athletes with and without anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Mohammadi-Rad Shahrzad Salavati Mahyar Ebrahimi-Takamjani Ismail Akhbari Behnam Sherafat Shiva Negahban Hossein Lali Pezhman Mazaheri Masood 12 2016
25 4 324 329 1543-3072 10.1123/jsr.2015-0012 PMID: 27632858
Gait speed is more challenging than cognitive load on the stride-to-stride variability in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency The Knee Nazary-Moghadam Salman Salavati Mahyar Esteki Ali Akhbari Behnam Keyhani Sohrab Zeinalzadeh Afsaneh 1 2019
26 1 88 96 1873-5800 10.1016/j.knee.2018.11.009 PMID: 30473374
Effect of dual task on gait asymmetry in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Scientific Reports Shi Huijuan Huang Hongshi Yu Yuanyuan Liang Zixuan Zhang Si Yu Bing Liu Hui Ao Yingfang 13 8 2018
8 2019-11-20 2045-2322 10.1038/s41598-018-30459-w https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6089886/ PMID: 30104568 PMCID: PMC6089886
Reliability of dynamic balance simultaneously with cognitive performance in patients with ACL deficiency and after ACL reconstructions and in healthy controls Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA Akhbari Behnam Salavati Mahyar Ahadi Jalal Ferdowsi Forough Sarmadi Alireza Keyhani Sohrab Mohammadi Farshid 11 2015
23 11 3178 3185 1433-7347 10.1007/s00167-014-3116-0 PMID: 24917539
Primary motor cortex organization is altered in persistent patellofemoral pain Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.) Te Maxine Baptista Abrahão F. Chipchase Lucy S. Schabrun Siobhan M. 1 11 2017
18 11 2224 2234 1526-4637 10.1093/pm/pnx036 PMID: 28340134
Organisation of the motor cortex differs between people with and without knee osteoarthritis Arthritis Research & Therapy Shanahan Camille J. Hodges Paul W. Wrigley Tim V. Bennell Kim L. Farrell Michael J. 18 6 2015
17 164 1478-6362 10.1186/s13075-015-0676-4 PMID: 26080802 PMCID: PMC4494800
Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency causes brain plasticity: a functional MRI study The American Journal of Sports Medicine Kapreli Eleni Athanasopoulos Spyros Gliatis John Papathanasiou Matilda Peeters Ronald Strimpakos Nikolaos Van Hecke Paul Gouliamos Athanasios Sunaert Stefan 12 2009
37 12 2419 2426 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546509343201 PMID: 19940314
Neuroplasticity associated with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Grooms Dustin R. Page Stephen J. Nichols-Larsen Deborah S. Chaudhari Ajit M.W. White Susan E. Onate James A. 5 11 2016
47 3 180 189 0190-6011 10.2519/jospt.2017.7003
Specificity of regions processing biological motion The European Journal of Neuroscience Peuskens H. Vanrie J. Verfaillie K. Orban G. A. 5 2005
21 10 2864 2875 0953-816X 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04106.x PMID: 15926934 15926934
Neural activity for hip-knee control in those with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A task-based functional connectivity analysis Neuroscience Letters Criss Cody R. Onate James A. Grooms Dustin R. 5 5 2020
730 134985 1872-7972 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134985 PMID: 32380143 32380143
Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention Science (New York, N.Y.) Macaluso E. Frith C. D. Driver J. 18 8 2000
289 5482 1206 1208 0036-8075 PMID: 10947990
Spatial attention and crossmodal interactions between vision and touch Neuropsychologia Macaluso E. Driver J. 2001
39 12 1304 1316 0028-3932 PMID: 11566313 11566313
Neural correlates of cognitive efficiency NeuroImage Rypma Bart Berger Jeffrey S. Prabhakaran Vivek Bly Benjamin Martin Kimberg Daniel Y. Biswal Bharat B. D'Esposito Mark 15 11 2006
33 3 969 979 1053-8119 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.065 PMID: 17010646
Neural efficiency in expert cognitive-motor performers during affective challenge Journal of Motor Behavior Costanzo Michelle E. VanMeter John W. Janelle Christopher M. Braun Allen Miller Matthew W. Oldham Jessica Russell Bartlett A. H. Hatfield Bradley D. 12 2016
48 6 573 588 1940-1027 10.1080/00222895.2016.1161591 PMID: 27715496
Is there a "neural efficiency" in athletes? a high-resolution eeg study NeuroImage Del Percio Claudio Rossini Paolo M. Marzano Nicola Iacoboni Marco Infarinato Francesco Aschieri Pierluigi Lino Andrea Fiore Antonio Toran Giancarlo Babiloni Claudio Eusebi Fabrizio 1 10 2008
42 4 1544 1553 1095-9572 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.061 PMID: 18602484
"neural efficiency" of athletes' brain for upright standing: a high-resolution eeg study Brain Research Bulletin Del Percio Claudio Babiloni Claudio Marzano Nicola Iacoboni Marco Infarinato Francesco Vecchio Fabrizio Lizio Roberta Aschieri Pierluigi Fiore Antonio Toràn Giancarlo Gallamini Michele Baratto Marta Eusebi Fabrizio 29 5 2009
79 3-4 193 200 1873-2747 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.02.001 PMID: 19429191
The characteristics of EEG power spectra changes after ACL rupture PloS One Miao Xin Huang Hongshi Hu Xiaoqing Li Dai Yu Yuanyuan Ao Yingfang 2017
12 2 e0170455 1932-6203 10.1371/journal.pone.0170455 PMID: 28182627 PMCID: PMC5300146 28182627
Should return to sport be delayed until two years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? Biological and functional considerations Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Nagelli Christopher V. Hewett Timothy E. 2 2017
47 2 221 232 0112-1642 10.1007/s40279-016-0584-z PMID: 27402457 PMCID: PMC5226931
Lower limb kinetic asymmetries in professional soccer players with and without anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Nine months is not enough time to restore "functional" symmetry or return to performance The American Journal of Sports Medicine Read Paul J. Michael Auliffe Sean Wilson Mathew G. Graham-Smith Philip 5 2020
48 6 1365 1373 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546520912218 PMID: 32293904 32293904
Young athletes who return to sport before 9 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have a rate of new injury 7 times that of those who delay return The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Beischer Susanne Gustavsson Linnéa Senorski Eric Hamrin Karlsson Jón Thomeé Christoffer Samuelsson Kristian Thomeé Roland 2 2020
50 2 83 90 1938-1344 10.2519/jospt.2020.9071 PMID: 32005095
Optic flow is used to control human walking Nature Neuroscience Warren W. H. Kay B. A. Zosh W. D. Duchon A. P. Sahuc S. 2 2001
4 2 213 216 1097-6256 10.1038/84054 PMID: 11175884
The effects of delayed and displaced visual feedback on motor control Journal of Motor Behavior Smith William M. Bowen Kevin F. 1 6 1980
12 2 91 101 0022-2895 10.1080/00222895.1980.10735209 PMID: 15215054
ACL injury prevention, more effective with a different way of motor learning? Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA Benjaminse Anne Otten Egbert 4 2011
19 4 622 627 1433-7347 10.1007/s00167-010-1313-z PMID: 21079917 PMCID: PMC3062033 21079917
Normalized motor function but impaired sensory function after unilateral non-reconstructed ACL injury: patients compared with uninjured controls Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA Ageberg Eva Fridén Thomas 5 2008
16 5 449 456 0942-2056 10.1007/s00167-008-0499-9 PMID: 18305924 18305924
Variability of practice and contextual interference in motor skill learning Journal of Motor Behavior Hall K. G. Magill R. A. 12 1995
27 4 299 309 1940-1027 10.1080/00222895.1995.9941719 PMID: 12529226
Stroboscopic vision to induce sensory reweighting during postural control Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Kim Kyung-Min Kim Joo-Sung Grooms Dustin R. 2017
26 5 1543-3072 10.1123/jsr.2017-0035 PMID: 28605310
An early review of stroboscopic visual training: insights, challenges and accomplishments to guide future studies International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology Wilkins Luke Appelbaum Lawrence 1 3 2019
1 16 10.1080/1750984X.2019.1582081
Improved visual cognition through stroboscopic training Frontiers in Psychology Appelbaum L. Gregory Schroeder Julia E. Cain Matthew S. Mitroff Stephen R. 2011
2 276 1664-1078 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00276 PMID: 22059078 PMCID: PMC3203550 22059078
Stroboscopic visual training improves information encoding in short-term memory Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Appelbaum L. Gregory Cain Matthew S. Schroeder Julia E. Darling Elise F. Mitroff Stephen R. 11 2012
74 8 1681 1691 1943-393X 10.3758/s13414-012-0344-6 PMID: 22810559
Stroboscopic training enhances anticipatory timing International Journal of Exercise Science Smith Trevor Q. Mitroff Stephen R. 15 10 2012
5 4 344 353 1939-795X PMID: 27182391 PMCID: PMC4738880
The effect of visual perturbation upon femoral acceleration during the single and bilateral squat Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine Dale R. Barry Gollapalli Ravi P. Price Taylor Megahee Katie Duncan Morgan Tolstick Nick Ford Luke 9 2017
27 24 28 1873-1600 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.06.003 PMID: 28806721 28806721
Enhancing ice hockey skills through stroboscopic visual training: a pilot study Athletic Training & Sports Health Care Mitroff Stephen Friesen Peter Bennett Doug Yoo Herb W. Reichow Alan 1 11 2013
5 261 264 10.3928/19425864-20131030-02
Effects of Stroboscopic visual training on visual attention, motion perception, and catching performance Perceptual and Motor Skills Wilkins Luke Gray Rob 8 2015
121 1 57 79 0031-5125 10.2466/22.25.PMS.121c11x0 PMID: 26126135 26126135
The effect of 4-Week stroboscopic training on visual function and sport-specific visuomotor performance in top-level badminton players International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Hülsdünker Thorben Rentz Clara Ruhnow Diemo Käsbauer Hannes Strüder Heiko K. Mierau Andreas 1 3 2019
14 3 343 350 1555-0273 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0302 PMID: 30160560
Stroboscopic vision when interacting with multiple moving objects: Perturbation is not the same as elimination Frontiers in Psychology Bennett Simon J. Hayes Spencer J. Uji Makoto 2018
9 1290 1664-1078 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01290 PMID: 30090080 PMCID: PMC6068388 30090080
Neuromuscular training to target deficits associated with second anterior cruciate ligament injury The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Di Stasi Stephanie Myer Gregory D. Hewett Timothy E. 11 2013
43 11 777 792, A1 1938-1344 10.2519/jospt.2013.4693 PMID: 24175599 PMCID: PMC4163697
Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics of sidestep cutting Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise McLean Scott G. Lipfert Susanne W. Bogert Antonie J. 6 2004
36 6 1008 1016 0195-9131 PMID: 15179171 15179171
Analysis of EMG patterns of control subjects and subjects with ACL deficiency during an unanticipated walking cut task Gait & Posture Houck Jeff R. Wilding Gregory E. Gupta Resmi De Haven Kenneth E. Maloney Mike 4 2007
25 4 628 638 0966-6362 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.07.001 PMID: 16916604 16916604
Augmented feedback supports skill transfer and reduces high-risk injury landing mechanics: a double-blind, randomized controlled laboratory study The American Journal of Sports Medicine Myer Gregory D. Stroube Benjamin W. DiCesare Christopher A. Brent Jensen L. Ford Kevin R. Heidt Robert S. Hewett Timothy E. 3 2013
41 3 669 677 1552-3365 10.1177/0363546512472977 PMID: 23371471 PMCID: PMC4166501 23371471
Feedback techniques to target functional deficits following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Implications for motor control and reduction of second injury risk Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Gokeler Alli Benjaminse Anne Hewett Timothy E. Paterno Mark V. Ford Kevin R. Otten Egbert Myer Gregory D. 11 2013
43 11 1065 1074 0112-1642 10.1007/s40279-013-0095-0 PMID: 24062274 PMCID: PMC4166506
Motor learning and performance: A problem-based learning approach Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics Pringle RK 1 6 2000
23 300 1 10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90186-6
Functional reorganisation of the corticomotor projection to the hand in skilled racquet players Experimental Brain Research Pearce A. J. Thickbroom G. W. Byrnes M. L. Mastaglia F. L. 1 1 2000
130 2 238 243 1432-1106 10.1007/s002219900236
Corticospinal adaptations and strength maintenance in the immobilized arm following 3 weeks unilateral strength training Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports Pearce A. J. Hendy A. Bowen W. A. Kidgell D. J. 12 2013
23 6 740 748 1600-0838 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01453.x PMID: 22429184
How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing Human Movement Science Lohse Keith R. Sherwood David E. Healy Alice F. 8 2010
29 4 542 555 1872-7646 10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.001 PMID: 20541275 20541275
A novel approach to enhance ACL injury prevention programs Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics Gokeler Alli Seil Romain Kerkhoffs Gino Verhagen Evert 18 6 2018
5 1 22 2197-1153 10.1186/s40634-018-0137-5 PMID: 29916182 PMCID: PMC6005994
Gaze and the control of foot placement when walking in natural terrain Current Biology Matthis Jonathan Samir Yates Jacob L. Hayhoe Mary M. 23 4 2018
28 8 1224 1233.e5 0960-9822 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.008
Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning Psychological Research McNevin Nancy H. Shea Charles H. Wulf Gabriele 2 2003
67 1 22 29 0340-0727 10.1007/s00426-002-0093-6 PMID: 12589447
Neuroanatomical correlates of motor acquisition and motor transfer Journal of Neurophysiology Seidler R. D. Noll D. C. 4 2008
99 4 1836 1845 0022-3077 10.1152/jn.01187.2007 PMID: 18272874 18272874
Mechanisms underlying ACL injury-prevention training: The brain-behavior relationship Journal of Athletic Training Powers Christopher M. Fisher Beth 2010
45 5 513 515 1062-6050 10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.513 PMID: 20831400 PMCID: PMC2938326 20831400
Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology Wulf Gabriele 1 9 2013
6 1 77 104 1750-984X 10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728
Novel methods of instruction in ACL injury prevention programs, a systematic review Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine Benjaminse Anne Welling Wouter Otten Bert Gokeler Alli 5 2015
16 2 176 186 1873-1600 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.06.003 PMID: 25042094 25042094
Increased jump height and reduced EMG activity with an external focus Human Movement Science Wulf Gabriele Dufek Janet S. Lozano Leonardo Pettigrew Christina 6 2010
29 3 440 448 1872-7646 10.1016/j.humov.2009.11.008 PMID: 20409600 20409600
The effects of attentional focus on jump performance and knee joint kinematics in patients after ACL reconstruction Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine Gokeler Alli Benjaminse Anne Welling Wouter Alferink Malou Eppinga Peter Otten Bert 5 2015
16 2 114 120 1873-1600 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.06.002 PMID: 25443228 25443228
Defining the focus of attention: Effects of attention on perceived exertion and fatigue Frontiers in Psychology Lohse Keith R. Sherwood David E. 14 11 2011
2 2019-12-17 1664-1078 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00332 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3214735/ PMID: 22102843 PMCID: PMC3214735
Adopting an external focus of attention alters intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England) Kuhn Y.-A. Keller M. Ruffieux J. Taube W. 2017
220 2 289 299 1748-1716 10.1111/apha.12807 PMID: 27653020 PMCID: PMC5484339 27653020
Surround inhibition can instantly be modulated by changing the attentional focus Scientific Reports Kuhn Yves-Alain Keller Martin Lauber Benedikt Taube Wolfgang 18 1 2018
8 2019-12-17 2045-2322 10.1038/s41598-017-19077-0 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773585/ PMID: 29348536 PMCID: PMC5773585
Learning and memory: from brain to behavior Gluck Mark A. Mercardo Eduardo Myers Catherine E. Worth Publishers New York City, New York 2008
New York City, New York 2019-12-21
Dynamic cortical involvement in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning. A PET study Brain: A Journal of Neurology Honda M. Deiber M. P. Ibáñez V. Pascual-Leone A. Zhuang P. Hallett M. 11 1998
121 ( Pt 11) 2159 2173 0006-8950 10.1093/brain/121.11.2159 PMID: 9827775
Different effects of implicit and explicit motor sequence learning on latency of motor evoked potential evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation on the primary motor cortex Frontiers in Human Neuroscience Hirano Masato Kubota Shinji Koizume Yoshiki Tanaka Shinya Funase Kozo 4 1 2017
10 2019-12-17 1662-5161 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00671 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5209357/ PMID: 28101014 PMCID: PMC5209357
Implicit motor learning and complex decision making in time-constrained environments Journal of Motor Behavior Masters R. S. W. Poolton J. M. Maxwell J. P. Raab M. 1 2008
40 1 71 79 0022-2895 10.3200/JMBR.40.1.71-80 PMID: 18316298
Anticipatory effects on lower extremity neuromechanics during a cutting task Journal of Athletic Training Meinerz Carolyn M. Malloy Philip Geiser Christopher F. Kipp Kristof 9 2015
50 9 905 913 1938-162X 10.4085/1062-6050-50.8.02 PMID: 26285089 PMCID: PMC4639880 26285089
Unanticipated jump-landing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Does unanticipated jump-landing testing deliver additional return to sport information to traditional jump performance tests? Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) Niemeyer Philipp Niederer Daniel Giesche Florian Janko Maren Frank Johannes Vogt Lutz Banzer Winfried 12 2019
70 72 79 1879-1271 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.08.003 PMID: 31408765
Unanticipated jump-landing quality in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: How long after the surgery and return to sport does the re-injury risk factor persist? Clinical Biomechanics Niederer Daniel Giesche Florian Janko Maren Niemeyer Philipp Wilke Jan Engeroff Tobias Stein Thomas Frank Johannes Banzer Winfried Vogt Lutz 1 2 2020
72 195 201 0268-0033 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.021
Changes in lower-limb biomechanics, soft tissue vibrations, and muscle activation during unanticipated bipedal landings Journal of Human Kinetics Zhang Shen Fu Weijie Liu Yu 6 2019
67 25 35 1640-5544 10.2478/hukin-2019-0003 PMID: 31523304 PMCID: PMC6714375 31523304
Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research Human mental workload Hart Sandra G. Staveland Lowell E. North-Holland Oxford, England 1988
139 183 Oxford, England 1111111111 DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9
Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Borg G. 1970
2 2 92 98 0036-5505 PMID: 5523831 5523831
Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Borg G. A. 1982
14 5 377 381 0195-9131 PMID: 7154893 7154893
