
==== Front
Sci Rep
Sci Rep
Scientific Reports
2045-2322
Nature Publishing Group UK London

39266592
71905
10.1038/s41598-024-71905-2
Article
Experimental study on dynamic elastic modulus loss of concrete broken by high voltage pulse discharge based on orthogonal design
Che Long chelong@sylu.edu.cn

1
Pan Linlin 1
Gu Xiaohui 2
1 https://ror.org/03m20nr07 grid.412560.4 0000 0000 8578 7340 School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159 China
2 https://ror.org/00xp9wg62 grid.410579.e 0000 0000 9116 9901 School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Sci. & Tech, Nanjing, 210094 China
12 9 2024
12 9 2024
2024
14 212997 3 2024
2 9 2024
© The Author(s) 2024
2024
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
High pulse discharge breakage has a vast prospect as a fresh crushing mechanism for it has the capability to enhance the comminuting effect, however, the breaking mechanism is not yet well studied. In this orthogonal designed research, 27 indoor tests of high voltage pulse discharge (HVPD) for breaking concrete together with the determination of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete based on three variables, i.e. applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrode gap, were carried out at three levels. The effects of these factors were studied by using significance and range analysis. The results showed that among these factors, the pulse number has the greatest impact on the dynamic elastic modulus loss (DEML) of concrete, while the applied voltage has the least influence. By changing the value of pulse number and applied voltage, the DEML can be increased to 12.9% and 26.7%, respectively. The impact of the factors’ combination was experimentally proven, and the resulting DEML of concrete broken by HVPD was obtained as 219.73 ± 9.58 MPa, which was 25.19% higher than the maximum of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD in the orthogonal experiment under various individual factors. These findings provide technical references for improving the crushing efficiency of concrete materials and the engineering application of HVPD crushing technology.

Keywords

High-voltage pulse discharge breaking
Dynamic elastic modulus loss
Orthogonal test
Concrete building materials
Subject terms

Civil engineering
Environmental impact
Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of EducationLJKMZ20220607 Che Long National Foreign Experts ProgramDL2023006001 Che Long Research Support Program Project of Shenyang Ligong University High Level Talent1010147001246 Che Long issue-copyright-statement© Springer Nature Limited 2024
==== Body
pmcIntroduction

With the rapid development of urban construction and the increasing demand for demolition of old building projects year by year. approximately 460 million square meters of buildings are demolished every year1. The annual amount of building demolitions in the UK is about 120 million tons2, while in Japan it is 76 million tons3. Concrete is the most widely used material in civil construction facilities and buildings, and the mainly used concrete breaking modes nowadays are mechanical breaking, ejection shock wave breaking, and high-pressure water jet breaking4–7. However, the intensive progress in civil engineering and the pursuit of controllable and environmentally friendly technics essentially require the improvements of the current concrete breakage technologies or the development of the new ones. The technology of breaking concrete by high voltage pulse discharge (HVPD) was developed and implemented in recent twenty years. HVPD fragmentation is a novel technology that turns electrical energy into shock waves, which may successfully break concrete in aquatic conditions. It entails generating a pulse voltage with a rising edge of less than 500ns through a high-voltage pulse discharge device, injecting it into the interior of the concrete through an electrode rod in contact with the concrete surface, and requiring the concrete to be completely submerged in the aqueous medium. When supplied energy generates an ionization effect within the concrete, the number of charge carriers rapidly increases, forming a discharge channel. At this point, the high temperature and high voltage environment created by the high-voltage pulse discharge device encourage discharge. The channel rapidly widens, causing an explosion. The resulting shock wave forces the concrete in the water to break8–10. Due to the complexity of the concrete breaking process by HVPD and lots of affecting factors, the mechanism of concrete broken by HVPD is still not clear.

To gain insights into the mechanism of concrete breakage by HVPD, several studies have been done. Generally, the influence of single factor on the effectiveness of concrete crushing by HVPD has been studied in the literature, like the size, strength, composition and nature of the sample11–15, its structure and porosity16,17, discharge voltage parameters18,19, structure, material and the position of the electrodes20–22, and destruction media influence23. It is shown that under different conditions, the influence of these factors can be positive or negative24–26.

Simulation studies successfully allow predicting the optimal parameters of the electrodes for the fragmentation of hard rock15, and it was also revealed an electric field distortion existing in the rock due to the naturally occurring air gaps, which can enhance the internal electric field strength22.It can be assumed that the joint simultaneous change of two or more factors can lead to the process improvement, as well as to adverse consequences11,20,23. However, there are currently no works investigating the effect of a joint change in these factors.

The dynamic elastic modulus is often utilized as the damage variable to characterize the deterioration degree of concrete under several varied loads27,28. Some researchers have taken the loss of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity as the damage variable when investigating the deterioration of concrete under different conditions29,30. However, There is almost no research on HVPD crushing concrete based on dynamic elastic modulus. Therefore, this paper uses the dynamic elastic modulus loss (DEML) as an index to examine the non-destructive effect of concrete material. Based on the orthogonal scheme, the effects of different applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrodes gap on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD were experimentally analyzed. The cumulative effect of different factors on the DEML of crushing concrete was obtained through the method of mathematical modeling. Consequently, to improve the breaking mechanism of rock breakage by HVPD, we provide theoretical and practical guidance for the selection of fragmentation parameters, promoting the progress of breaking concrete materials' technology and contribute the city's sustainable development.

Materials and methods

Experimental system

The schematic of the experimental system of breaking concrete by HVPD is shown in Fig. 1a. It contains the high voltage pulse power supply, output electrodes, crushing container, experimental sample, and insulating medium, which was water. The high voltage pulse power supply based on ten stages impulse generator (Shenyang Ligong University, China) was used for further experiments.Fig. 1 Schematic of (a) the HVPD crushing concrete experimental system and (b) the experimental system for concrete dynamic elastic modulus measurements.

During the process, a DC (Direct Current) source slowly charged the capacitor until the spherical spark switch closed, then switched to the self-breakdown mode. The high voltage pulse power supply was discharged once per experiment; the capacity was 5uF, the maximum output voltage was up to 450kV, and the maximum energy output of a single electric pulse was 100J. Output electrodes were composed of two stainless steel rods with an implemented needle-needle structure. One of the output electrodes was connected to the high voltage pulse power supply by positive output pole and the other by negative one. To avoid the breakdown outside the hard rock, a ceramic sleeve insulated the electrodes’ outer surface, and the electrodes/hard rock contact was constantly kept. The electrode gap ranged from 1 to 10cm. The crushing cuboid container was made of plexiglass to observe the experiment flow. The experimental sample used was a C45 concrete standard block which has a compressive strength grade of 45MPa. Insulating medium was tap water. Before the experiment, the concrete surface was cleaned and dried to avoid the dust affection on the crushing test results. During the experiment, the concrete sample was completely submerged by water to avoid any breakdown and breakage in the air.

The experimental system (Tianjin Sansitrang Test Equipment Manufacturing, China) used to measure the dynamic elastic modulus of concrete is shown in Fig. 1b. It contained two parts: dynamic elastic modulus tester (on the right) and the concrete target holder with two test probes (on the left). The dynamic elastic modulus tester consisted of tester host, launcher, receiver support frame and processing software of dynamic elasticity tester of concrete. The DEML of concrete crushed by HVPD was calculated as the difference between the dynamic elastic modulus value measured before and after crushing.

Experimental preparation

For this research, the self-made C45 cubic concrete sample with a side length of 150mm was made by mixing cement (PO42.5, Xuzhou Fengdu material Trade Co., Ltd, China), fly ash (Class F II, China Railway 15th Bureau Group Materials Co., Ltd, China), sand (dav = 0.5–0.25mm), spalls (30% of dav = 5–10mm, 20% of dav = 10–20mm, and 50% of da = 20–31.5mm), additives (Polycarboxylic acid, Shanxi Sangmusi Building Materials Chemical Co., Ltd, China) and water at the proportion of 1 : 0.43 : 2.12 : 3.93 : 0.01 : 0.62, respectively. Samples were cured up to 28 days under standard conditions (20 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity > 95%). According to the standards for mechanical testing methods of ordinary concrete (GB/T50081-2002), the strength of the concrete sample was analyzed by such parameters as mass, density, compressive strength, and elastic modulus. The experiment contained 27 cubic-shaped concrete samples. The mean values of relevant parameters are presented in Table 1, each parameter was calculated from the measurements of five individual samples. These data are consistent with concrete classification by compressive strength31.Table 1 Relevant parameters of concrete samples.

	Concrete sample grade	Density ρ (kg/m3)	Weight (kg)	Compressive strength F (N/mm2)	Elastic modulus E (N/mm2)	
	C45	2.36 × 103	7.9–8.05	44.5–46.1	3.20 × 104	
Significant values are in bold.

Experimental scheme

In the light of the literature32, the parameters of applied voltage, pulse number, and electrode spacing three factors affecting the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD, and the selected experimental conditions were as follows in Table 2. The L9(33) orthogonal table was selected for experimental analysis of the DEML. All the experiments were repeated three times at different levels of each factor. In the following discussion, we chose factors as A-applied voltage, B-pulse number, and C-discharge electrodes gap.Table 2 L9(33) orthogonal table for experimental factors for DEML of concrete broken by HVPD.

Level	Factor	
Applied voltage (kV)	Pulse number	Discharge electrodes gap (cm)	
A	B	C	
1	324	1	3	
2	360	5	5	
3	415	9	7	
Significant values are in bold.

Significance analysis

To precisely estimate the variance scope of the experiment's results of the DEML of concrete fractured through HVPD, along with properly distinguish data fluctuation caused by experimental errors and variations of the experimental conditions, a significance analysis of the impact of the three variables considered in the tests on the DEML of concrete crushed through HVPD is carried out. Due to the orthogonal design used in this experiment, there are only three influencing factors, namely applied voltage, number of pulses, and electrode spacing, and each combination is only repeated 3 times, resulting in limited sample data. Therefore, the significance level of 0.1 is chosen in this article to increase the significance. According to the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) statistics model, the degree of freedom is equal to the factor level number minus 1, which is 2 for the current experiments; f0.1 is the critical value of the F test when the significant level is 0.1; f0.1 can be obtained by querying the upper sub-table of the F distribution. Test statistic F was determined as the ratio of inter-group to intra-group variation33.

After generating the test statistic F, the significance of each factor is determined by comparing it to the test critical value f0.1. When the F value is bigger than f0.1 = 9, this factor has a considerable effect on the experimental results; on the contrary, the influence is insignificant.

Results and discussion

The resulting DEML of breaking concrete is shown in Table 3. It can be seen that the various combinations of applied voltage, pulse number, and discharge electrodes gap have a certain impact on the DEML of the concrete broken by HVPD: maximum of DEML can be observed in experiment #1, and that under #6 is minimum. For the further study of the factors’ effect on the loss of DEML of broken concrete, the following range and significance analysis are done.Table 3 The experimental DEML of crushing concrete.

Experiment #	Factors levels	DEML (MPa)	
1	A1B1C1	175.52 ± 3.13	
2	A1B2C2	19.73 ± 4.04	
3	A1B3C3	81.36 ± 6.25	
4	A2B1C2	97.24 ± 2.83	
5	A2B2C3	137.41 ± 7.34	
6	A2B3C1	46.73 ± 8.64	
7	A3B1C3	83.43 ± 9.71	
8	A3B2C1	103.86 ± 3.91	
9	A3B3C2	130.27 ± 8.57	
Significant values are in bold.

Range analysis

Firstly, compute the sum of the DEML for each factor based on its level, then the average value of DEML for each factor and level was found, and the results are presented in Table 4. Secondly, the range of the DEML of concrete for each factor according to its level was calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum average DEML value under the certain factor (Table 4).Table 4 Sum and average of DEML of concrete at different factors’ levels.

Factor	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Range (MPa)	
Sum of DEML (MPa)	Average DEML (MPa)	Sum of DEML (MPa)	Average DEML (MPa)	Sum of DEML (MPa)	Average DEML (MPa)	
A	276.61 ± 13.42	92.21 ± 4.47	281.38 ± 18.81	93.79 ± 6.27	317.56 ± 22.19	105.85 ± 7.40	13.65	
B	356.19 ± 15.14	118.73 ± 5.05	261.00 ± 15.29	87.00 ± 5.10	258.36 ± 23.46	86.12 ± 7.82	32.61	
C	326.11 ± 15.68	108.70 ± 5.23	247.24 ± 15.44	82.41 ± 5.15	302.19 ± 23.3	100.73 ± 7.77	26.29	
Significant values are in bold.

The range indicates the change of the DEML of concrete under the impact of a certain factor, which characterizes the influence of this factor on the dynamic elastic modulus loss. Taking the maximum range as 1, it can be seen from the obtained data that the largest impact on the average value of the DEML is in the raw of the pulse number, discharge electrodes gap and applied voltage with the rate of 1, 0.8 and 0.41. According to the relationship between energy and voltage, when the capacitance is constant, the output energy of high voltage pulse power supply is determined by the output voltage. In high-voltage pulse discharge crushing, when the input voltage is not large enough, one discharge cannot break, so it needs multiple pulse discharges to break it. For the discharge electrode gap, when the input voltage is constant, the value directly determines the electric field strength between the two electrodes, and then determines the breaking performance.

A comparison of the DEML under different levels demonstrates that applied voltage impact on the DEML exhibits the direct dependency (92.2192.21 ± 4.47MPa, 93.79 ± 6.27MPa and 105.85 ± 7.40MPa), pulse number—reverse (118.73 ± 5.05MPa, 87.00 ± 5.10MPa and 86.12 ± 7.82MPa), and for electrodes gap—the DEML decreases from the maximum at the gap of 3cm—108.70 ± 5.23MPa—to a minimum value at the 5cm—82.41 ± 5.15MPa, within the subsequent growth at 7cm—100.73 ± 7.77MPa (Table 4). The maximum average value of the DEML of concrete in the tests of the individual influence of factors are achieved at applied voltage 415 kV (A3), pulse number factor of 1 time (B1), and discharge electrodes gap of 3cm (C1), and equal to 105.85 ± 7.40MPa, 118.73 ± 5.05MPa, and 108.70 ± 5.23MPa, respectively.

Considering the above classification, the DEML of crushing concrete under the combination of factors A3B1C1 is expected to be the most significant. The impact of A3B1C1 factors combination was experiment-ally proven, and the resulting DEML of concrete broken by HVPD was obtained as 219.73 ± 9.58MPa, which is 25.19% higher than the maximum of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD in the orthogonal experiment under various individual factors (Table 3).

Based on the analysis of Table 4, we can identify primary and secondary factors affecting the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD. If the factor has a great influence on the DEML of crushing concrete, the difference of the DEML under different levels of this factor will be significant, and the factor is considered to be the primary. Otherwise, this is the secondary factor. According to the above definition, the pulse number is the primary factor affecting the DEML, inter-electrode gap and applied voltage are considered to be secondary factors. The order of impact for these three factors on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD is: pulse number—> discharge electrodes gap—> applied voltage. In the point of this finding, the DEML of concrete can be increased by adjusting sensitive factors, and the damaging of concrete building materials' problem can be further improved. In the experimental system of concrete crushed by HVPD, if the discharge electrodes gap is fixed, the distance between the electrodes can be regarded as a fixed value. Therefore, in the design of demolition of concrete building materials, the DEML of broken by HVPD concrete can be controlled by adjusting the applied voltage and the pulse number. Under these two factors, the maximum DEML of concrete is at the factor levels of A3B1.

The change in the DEML of concrete-broken by HVPD with different applied voltage under discharge electrodes gap of 3cm, 5cm, and 7cm and maintained pulse number is shown in Fig. 2a. The DEML increases with the increase of the applied voltage, and this is consistent with Wang's research result34. Within the increase of voltage from 360 to 415kV, the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD increases by 15.4%, 12.9% and 12.8% for electrode gap of 3cm, 5cm and 7cm, respectively. The change of overall average compressive strength of concrete increases with the increase of the applied voltage. This is because as the applied voltage increases, so does the amount of energy released into the interior of the concrete samples per unit time via the electrodes, resulting in a greater crushing force of shock waves on the concrete samples, and then contributes to a growth of the volume of voids, cracks, and micropores in concrete samples.Fig. 2 Variation curves of the DEML of concrete under different (a) applied voltages and (b) pulse numbers.

The variation curves of the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD with different pulse numbers under the condition that of discharge electrodes gap of 3cm, 5cm, and 7cm, and fixed applied voltage of 360kV are shown in Fig. 2b. It can be seen that the DEML of concrete broken decreases with the increase of the pulse number, and the loss of dynamic elastic modulus decreases significantly when the pulse number increases. When the pulse number changes from one to five times, the DEML of concrete decreases by 26.7%. When the electrode spacing is constant, with the increase of pulse number, the particle size of broken concrete decreases, and the influence on un-crushed concrete decreases11. This is because when high-voltage pulse discharge breaks concrete, the energy effect is mainly concentrated between the two electrodes35. Therefore, as the number of pulse number increases, when the concrete between the electrodes is completely broken, if the spacing and position of the electrodes do not change, the effect on the concrete will be very small.

Significance analysis

In this experiment, according to mathematical and statistical methods, it can be calculated that the obvious impact of the pulse number on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD can be seen with pulse number changing (FB = 9.8 > f0.1), it has a decisive role, then followed by the discharge electrodes gap (FC = 5.6 < f0.1), while the effect of the applied voltage is weak (FA = 1.4 <  < f0.1).

Conclusions

The orthogonal scheme experiment showed that the studied parameters have an obvious effect on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD at the order from the highest impact to the lowest as: pulse number, discharge electrodes gap, and applied voltage. Because the distance of discharge electrodes is fixed during the breaking process, the DEML can be controlled more easily by changing the applied voltage and pulse number. Under the varying of these two factors, the combination of A3B1 is the most significant. Adjusting the applied voltage and pulse value could increase the DEML by 12.9% and 26.7%, respectively. The F-test results showed that the impact of the pulse number on the DEML of concrete broken by HVPD is the most significant. Thus, the crushing effect of concrete building materials can be improved by increasing the pulse number of HVPD power supply, and finely controlled the applied voltage, which provides data support for the optimal design and engineering application of a HVPD concrete crushing experimental system. The factors affecting the DEML of crushed concrete are not only the applied voltage, pulse number, and electrode spacing, but also include concrete strength and composition, output electrode material, rise time of applied voltage, insulation liquid properties, and other requires further research.

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education (LJKMZ20220607), National Foreign Experts Program (DL2023006001) and Research Support Program Project of Shenyang Ligong University High Level Talent (1010147001246).

Author contributions

Long Che and Linlin Pan wrote the main manuscript text; and Long Che and Linlin Pan prepared all figures; All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
==== Refs
References

1. Omer MM Rahman RA Almutairi S Construction waste recycling: enhancement strategies and organization size Phys. Chem. Earth 2022 126 1474 7065 10.1016/j.pce.2022.103114
Omer, M. M., Rahman, R. A. & Almutairi, S. Construction waste recycling: enhancement strategies and organization size. Phys. Chem. Earth 126, 1474–7065. 10.1016/j.pce.2022.103114 (2022).10.1016/j.pce.2022.103114
2. Kuznetsova N Zhgun D Golovanevskiy V Plasma blasting of rocks and rocks-like materials: an analytical model Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci. 2022 150 1365 1609
Kuznetsova, N., Zhgun, D. & Golovanevskiy, V. Plasma blasting of rocks and rocks-like materials: an analytical model. Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci. 150, 1365–1609 (2022).
3. Huang W Chen Y The application of high voltage pulses in the mineral processing industry—A review Powder Technol. 2022 393 116 160 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.003
Huang, W. & Chen, Y. The application of high voltage pulses in the mineral processing industry—A review. Powder Technol. 393, 116–160. 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.003 (2022).10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.003
4. Ulsen C Tseng E Angulo SC Landmann M Contessotto R Balbo JT Kahn H Concrete aggregates properties crushed by jaw and impact secondary crushing J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019 8 1 494 502 10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.04.008
Ulsen, C. et al. Concrete aggregates properties crushed by jaw and impact secondary crushing. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8(1), 494–502. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.04.008 (2019).10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.04.008
5. Amir J Ata A Amir P Damage analysis of arch concrete dams subjected to underwater explosion Appl. Math. Model. 2019 75 1 709 734 10.1016/j.apm.2019.04.064
Amir, J., Ata, A. & Amir, P. Damage analysis of arch concrete dams subjected to underwater explosion. Appl. Math. Model. 75(1), 709–734. 10.1016/j.apm.2019.04.064 (2019).10.1016/j.apm.2019.04.064
6. Rooholamini H Sedghi R Ghobadipour B Adresi M Effect of electric arc furnace steel slag on the mechanical and fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete Constr. Build. Mater. 2019 211 30 88 98 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.223
Rooholamini, H., Sedghi, R., Ghobadipour, B. & Adresi, M. Effect of electric arc furnace steel slag on the mechanical and fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 211(30), 88–98. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.223 (2019).10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.223
7. Wang HJ Liao HL Wei J Liu JS Niu WL Liu YW Latham JP Stress release mechanism of deep bottom hole rock by ultra-high-pressure water jet slotting Petrol. Sci. 2023 20 3 1828 1842 10.1016/j.petsci.2022.12.002
Wang, H. J. et al. Stress release mechanism of deep bottom hole rock by ultra-high-pressure water jet slotting. Petrol. Sci. 20(3), 1828–1842. 10.1016/j.petsci.2022.12.002 (2023).10.1016/j.petsci.2022.12.002
8. Liu W Zhang Y Zhu X The partial electrical breakdown mechanism by high voltage electric pulses in multi-fractured granite Geomech. Energy Environ. 2023 34 100459 10.1016/j.gete.2023.100459
Liu, W., Zhang, Y. & Zhu, X. The partial electrical breakdown mechanism by high voltage electric pulses in multi-fractured granite. Geomech. Energy Environ. 34, 100459 (2023).10.1016/j.gete.2023.100459
9. Bluhm, H. Pulse power system[M]. 281–286 (Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2006). ISBN：9787302186632.
10. Zhu X Luo Y Liu W Hu H Chen M Numerical electric breakdown model of heterogeneous granite for electro-pulse-boring Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci. 2022 154 105128 1 18 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105128
Zhu, X., Luo, Y., Liu, W., Hu, H. & Chen, M. Numerical electric breakdown model of heterogeneous granite for electro-pulse-boring. Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci. 154(105128), 1–18. 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105128 (2022).10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105128
11. Wielen KPVD Pascoe R Weh A Wall F Rollinson G The influence of equipment settings and rock properties on high voltage breakage Min. Eng. 2013 46–47 46–47 100 111 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.008
Wielen, K. P. V. D., Pascoe, R., Weh, A., Wall, F. & Rollinson, G. The influence of equipment settings and rock properties on high voltage breakage. Min. Eng. 46–47(46–47), 100–111. 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.008 (2013).10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.008
12. Wang X Du J Li Q Experimental study on crushing of concrete columns by high voltage pulse discharge Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2022 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090
Wang, X., Du, J. & Li, Q. Experimental study on crushing of concrete columns by high voltage pulse discharge. Case Stud. Constr. Mater.10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090 (2022).10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090
13. Razavian SM Rezai B Irannajad M Ravanji MH Numerical simulation of high voltage electric pulse comminution of phosphate ore Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2015 25 3 473 478 10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.03.023
Razavian, S. M., Rezai, B., Irannajad, M. & Ravanji, M. H. Numerical simulation of high voltage electric pulse comminution of phosphate ore. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 25(3), 473–478. 10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.03.023 (2015).10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.03.023
14. Wang E Shi F Manlapig E Factors affecting electrical comminution performance Min. Eng. 2012 34 1 48 54 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.011
Wang, E., Shi, F. & Manlapig, E. Factors affecting electrical comminution performance. Min. Eng. 34(1), 48–54. 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.011 (2012).10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.011
15. Che L Gu X Li H Numerical analysis and experimental research on hard rock fragmentation by high voltage pulse discharge Miner. Eng. 2021 168 1 9 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106942
Che, L., Gu, X. & Li, H. Numerical analysis and experimental research on hard rock fragmentation by high voltage pulse discharge. Miner. Eng. 168, 1–9. 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106942 (2021).10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106942
16. He X Wang X Yang S Li C Study on key factors and influence law of structural design of high-voltage electro-pulse bit Geoener. Sci. Eng. 2023 10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211868
He, X., Wang, X., Yang, S. & Li, C. Study on key factors and influence law of structural design of high-voltage electro-pulse bit. Geoener. Sci. Eng.10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211868 (2023).10.1016/j.geoen.2023.211868
17. Vogler D Walsh S Saar MO A numerical investigation into key factors controlling hard rock excavation via electropulse stimulation J. R. Mech. Geotech. Eng. 2020 12 1 793 801 10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.02.002
Vogler, D., Walsh, S. & Saar, M. O. A numerical investigation into key factors controlling hard rock excavation via electropulse stimulation. J. R. Mech. Geotech. Eng. 12(1), 793–801. 10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.02.002 (2020).10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.02.002
18. Yan F Lin B Zhu C Zhou Y Liu X Guo C Zou Q Experimental investigation on anthracite coal fragmentation by high-voltage electrical pulses in the air condition: effect of breakdown voltage Fuel 2016 183 1 583 592 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.124
Yan, F. et al. Experimental investigation on anthracite coal fragmentation by high-voltage electrical pulses in the air condition: effect of breakdown voltage. Fuel 183(1), 583–592. 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.124 (2016).10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.124
19. Li C Duan L Tan S Chikhotkin V Influences on high voltage electro pulse boring in granite Energies 2018 11 2461 10.3390/en11092461
Li, C., Duan, L., Tan, S. & Chikhotkin, V. Influences on high voltage electro pulse boring in granite. Energies 11, 2461 (2018).10.3390/en11092461
20. Zhu X Luo Y Liu W On the rock-breaking mechanism of plasma channel drilling technology J. Petroleum Sci. Eng. 2020 194 1 15 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107356
Zhu, X., Luo, Y. & Liu, W. On the rock-breaking mechanism of plasma channel drilling technology. J. Petroleum Sci. Eng. 194, 1–15. 10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107356 (2020).10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107356
21. Zhang X Lin B Li Y Experimental study on the effects of electrode materials on coal breaking by plasma Fuel 2020 270 1 11 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117085(2020)
Zhang, X., Lin, B. & Li, Y. Experimental study on the effects of electrode materials on coal breaking by plasma. Fuel 270, 1–11. 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117085(2020) (2020).10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117085(2020)
22. Li C Duan L Wu L Tan S Chikhotkin V Experimental and numerical analyses of electro-pulse rock-breaking drilling J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2020 77 1 12 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103263
Li, C., Duan, L., Wu, L., Tan, S. & Chikhotkin, V. Experimental and numerical analyses of electro-pulse rock-breaking drilling. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 77, 1–12. 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103263 (2020).10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103263
23. Boev S Vajov V Jgun D Levchenko B Destruction of granite and concrete in water with pulse electric discharges IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf. 2002 10.1109/PPC.1999.823782
Boev, S., Vajov, V., Jgun, D. & Levchenko, B. Destruction of granite and concrete in water with pulse electric discharges. IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf.10.1109/PPC.1999.823782 (2002).10.1109/PPC.1999.823782
24. Yudin AS Zhurkov MY Martemyanov SM Datskevich SY Vazhov VF Electrical discharge drilling of granite with positive and negative polarity of voltage pulses Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci. 2019 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104058
Yudin, A. S., Zhurkov, M. Y., Martemyanov, S. M., Datskevich, S. Y. & Vazhov, V. F. Electrical discharge drilling of granite with positive and negative polarity of voltage pulses. Int. J. R. Mech. Min. Sci.10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104058 (2019).10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104058
25. Kusaiynov K Nussupbekov BR Shuyushbayeva NN Tanasheva NK Shaimerdenova KM Khassenov AK On electric-pulse well drilling and breaking of solids Tech. Phys. 2017 62 867 870 10.1134/S1063784217060184
Kusaiynov, K. et al. On electric-pulse well drilling and breaking of solids. Tech. Phys. 62, 867–870. 10.1134/S1063784217060184 (2017).10.1134/S1063784217060184
26. Yan Z Yin Y Study on Effect of High Voltage Pulse Electrode Spacing on Broken Concrete Physical Performance IOP Conf. Series Earth Environ. Sci. 2021 647 1 1 7 10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012062
Yan, Z. & Yin, Y. Study on Effect of High Voltage Pulse Electrode Spacing on Broken Concrete Physical Performance. IOP Conf. Series Earth Environ. Sci. 647(1), 1–7. 10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012062 (2021).10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012062
27. Chen D Zou J Zhao L Xu S Xiang T Liu C Degradation of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete under periodic temperature-humidity action Materials 2020 13 3 611 10.3390/ma13030611 32019117
Chen, D. et al. Degradation of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete under periodic temperature-humidity action. Materials 13(3), 611. 10.3390/ma13030611 (2020).32019117 10.3390/ma13030611
28. Gu G Fan S Zhang S Song H The Dynamic Elastic Modulus Evolution of Pervious Concrete under Sulfate Attack J. Phys. Conf. Series 2023 1 2424 1 7 10.1088/1742-6596/2424/1/012018
Gu, G., Fan, S., Zhang, S. & Song, H. The Dynamic Elastic Modulus Evolution of Pervious Concrete under Sulfate Attack. J. Phys. Conf. Series 1(2424), 1–7. 10.1088/1742-6596/2424/1/012018 (2023).10.1088/1742-6596/2424/1/012018
29. Chen F Qiao P Probabilistic damage modeling and service-life prediction of concrete under freeze–thaw action Mater. Struct. 2015 48 2697 2711 10.1617/s11527-014-0347-y
Chen, F. & Qiao, P. Probabilistic damage modeling and service-life prediction of concrete under freeze–thaw action. Mater. Struct. 48, 2697–2711. 10.1617/s11527-014-0347-y (2015).10.1617/s11527-014-0347-y
30. Domagała L Sieja K Effect of moisture condition of structural lightweight concretes on specified values of static and dynamic modulus of elasticity Materials 2023 16 12 1 16 10.3390/ma16124299
Domagała, L. & Sieja, K. Effect of moisture condition of structural lightweight concretes on specified values of static and dynamic modulus of elasticity. Materials 16(12), 1–16. 10.3390/ma16124299 (2023).10.3390/ma16124299
31. International Organization for Standardization. Concrete; Classification by compressive strength. Switzerrarld (1977).
32. Dakik, M. et al. Rock Fragmentation by High-Voltage Pulses. In 12th conference of the French Society of Electrostatics. 1–6. https://hal.science/hal-04128631 (2023).
33. McCormick K Salcedo J SPSS statistics for data analysis and visualization 2017 Wiley
McCormick, K. & Salcedo, J. SPSS statistics for data analysis and visualization (Wiley, 2017).
34. Wang X Jiaxu DU Qiang LI Experimental study on crushing of concrete columns by high voltage pulse discharge Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2022 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090
Wang, X., Jiaxu, D. U. & Qiang, L. I. Experimental study on crushing of concrete columns by high voltage pulse discharge. Case Stud. Constr. Mater.10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090 (2022).10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01090
35. Zhu X Luo Y Liu W He L Gao R Jia Y On the mechanism of high-voltage pulsed fragmentation from electrical breakdown process R. Mech. R. Eng. 2021 54 9 4593 4616 10.1007/s00603-021-02537-5
Zhu, X. et al. On the mechanism of high-voltage pulsed fragmentation from electrical breakdown process. R. Mech. R. Eng. 54(9), 4593–4616. 10.1007/s00603-021-02537-5 (2021).10.1007/s00603-021-02537-5
