
==== Front
BMC Gastroenterol
BMC Gastroenterol
BMC Gastroenterology
1471-230X
BioMed Central London

3401
10.1186/s12876-024-03401-w
Research
Netrin-1-CD146 and netrin-1-S100A9 are associated with early stage of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer
Chen Jin-Ming jmchenghust@163.com

He Jun
Qiu Jian-Ming
Yang Guan-Gen
Wang Dong
Shen Zhong shenzhong114@sina.com

https://ror.org/02sysn258 grid.440280.a Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Hangzhou, 38 West Lake Avenue, 310009 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
11 9 2024
11 9 2024
2024
24 30827 3 2024
3 9 2024
© The Author(s) 2024
2024
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Background

The netrin-1/CD146 pathway regulates colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis, angiogenesis, and vascular development. However, few investigations have yet examined the biological function of netrin-1/CD146 complex in CRC. In this work, we investigated the relationship between the netrin-1/CD146 axis and S100 proteins in sentinel lymph node, and revealed a possible new clue for vascular metastasis of CRC.

Methods

The expression levels of netrin-1 and CD146 proteins in CRC, as well as S100A8 and S100A9 proteins in the sentinel lymph nodes were determined by immunohistochemistry. Using GEPIA and UALCAN, we analyzed netrin-1 and CD146 gene expression in CRC, their association with CRC stage, and their expression levels and prognosis in CRC patients.

Results

The expression level of netrin-1 in N1a+1b (CRC lymphatic metastasis groups, exculded N1c) was positively increased with N0 (p = 0.012). The level of netrin-1 protein was positively correlated with CD146 protein (p < 0.05). The level of S100A9 protein was positively correlated with CD146 protein (r = 0.492, p = 0.007). Moreover, netrin-1 expression was obviously correlated with S100A9 expression in the N1 stage (r = 0.867, p = 0.000). CD146 level was correlated with S100A9 level in the N2 stage (r = 0.731, p = 0.039). CD146 mRNA expression was higher in normal colorectal tissues than in CRC (p < 0.05). Netrin-1 and CD146 expression were not significantly associated with the tumor stages and prognosis of patients with CRC (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The netrin-1/CD146 and netrin-1/S100A9 axis in CRC tissues might related with early stage of lymph node metastasis, thus providing potential novel channels for blocking lymphatic metastasis and guiding biomarker discovery in CRC patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-024-03401-w.

Keywords

Netrin-1
CD146
S100 proteins
Lymph node metastasis
Colorectal cancer
the Health, Science and Technology Plan Project of HangzhouA20200024 Chen Jin-Ming the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Hangzhou20201203B201 Chen Jin-Ming the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of ChinaLGF20H270001 Yang Guan-Gen issue-copyright-statement© BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2024
==== Body
pmcIntroduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with 1.1 million new cases annually, and is the second leading-cause of cancer death [1]. Genetic alterations produce the dysregulation of signaling pathways, the inhibition of apoptosis and the induction of proliferation, invasion and migration, resulting in CRC development and metastasis [2]. Recently, netrin-1 and its receptor signaling have been increasingly determined to promote tumorigenesis in many types of cancers [3].

Netrin-1 is a secreted glycoprotein that plays key roles in neuronal navigation, angiogenesis, and cell survival [4]. Moreover, netrin-1 has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, polycystic kidney disease, inflammatory disease, etc. [5–8]. Netrin-1 has been shown to be up-regulated in many cancers, and this up-regulation has been shown to constitute a selective mechanism that blocks apoptosis induced by the dependence receptors DCC and UNC5H [4]. Most of its activity has been found to occur through regulation of the signaling pathways combined with its main receptors [9].

In addition, CD146 is a highly glycosylated type I transmembrane protein, and was first identified as a specific cell-adhesion molecule for melanoma [10]. CD146 still plays a critical pro-migratory role in the vascular system, normal tissue development, and tumor progression model [11, 12]. Overexpression of CD146 has been discovered in numerous cancers, including CRC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer [13–16]. Accumulating evidence confirmed that the overexpression of CD146 could promote tumor progression and metastasis by altering the expression of genes in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis [17, 18].

Notably, CD146 has been shown to act as a novel receptor for netrin-1 in promoting angiogenesis and vascular development [19, 20]. By regulating the activity of the miR-329-3p/netrin-1-CD146 complex, exosomal lncRNA PCAT1 promotes tumor circulating cell-mediated CRC liver metastasis [21]. However, the biological function of netrin-1-CD146 complex underlying the initiation and progression of CRC remains poorly defined.

S100A8 and S100A9 belong to the S100 multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles [22–24]. S100 proteins, the largest subgroup within the EF-hand protein family, are closely associated with cardiovascular disease, various types of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune pathologies [25–28]. Primarily, S100A8 and S100A9 have been described in neutrophils and macrophages and were revealed to be involved in myeloid cell maturation [29, 30]. The two proteins were found to form S100A8/A9 heterocomplexes [31, 32], which were demonstrated to be secreted by activated monocytes via a tubulin-dependent pathway [33]. By forming a common heterodimer structure, S100A8/A9, S100A8, and S100A9 are widely reported to participate in multiple signaling pathways in tumor cells [34]. Meanwhile, through interfering with tumor metabolism and the microenvironment, S100A8/A9, S100A8, and S100A9, mainly as promoters, contribute to tumor development, growth, and metastasis [34]. Furthermore, during inflammation, S100A8/A9 is released actively, and exerts a critical effect in modulating the inflammatory response, and participates in cytoskeleton rearrangement and arachidonic acid metabolism [35]. Recently, S100A8/A9 was found to be a key protein between inflammation and cancer [36, 37].

Extant literature demonstrated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) induced by tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) express S100A8/A9 [38, 39]. Therefore, non-metastatic lymph nodes can be explained by MDSC-mediated premetastatic niche formation, in which proinflammatory factors, such as S100A8 or S100A9, are abundantly expressed [40, 41]. The premetastatic niche, an immunosuppressive and proinflammatory environment, is generated in premetastatic organs by MDSC to facilitate tumor cell metastasis [42, 43].

In aggregate, netrin-1-CD146 complex has been reported to promote CRC liver metastasis, angiogenesis, and vascular development [19–21]. S100A8 and S100A9 expression are closely related metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes [40, 41]. However, few investigations have yet examined the biological function of netrin-1-CD146 complex in CRC. In this study, we aimed to detect tissue levels of netrin-1-CD146 complex in patients with CRC, analyze the potential relationship between netrin-1-CD146 complex and S100A8/A9 expression in sentinel lymph nodes, and provide evidence to support their utilization as therapeutic targets.

Methods

Patient sample collection

The tissue samples contained 78 colorectal tissues (10 normal, 8 adenomas, and 60 tumor tissues, including 56 colon cancer and 4 upper rectal cancer) and 29 sentinel lymph nodes collected from 60 tumor tissues (20 positive lymph nodes, 9 negative lymph nodes). Sentinel lymph node identification was performed using 1% methylene blue dye during surgery. The sentinel lymph node was separately harvested and sent to the Department of Pathology for further analysis. Normal tissue samples included those from 6 males and 4 females with a median age of 45, and adenomas included those from 4 males and 4 females with a median age of 56. The medical records of tumor clinic-pathologic data from our institutional database, including age, gender, differentiation, size, lymphatic metastasis, T-stage, N-stage, and M-stage, were reviewed retrospectively. The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging system was applied according to the 8th edition of the Cancer Staging Manual. The tumor clinic-pathologic data are reported in Table 2.

All patients’ surgical specimens were diagnosed by experienced gastrointestinal pathologists. No radiotherapy or chemotherapy had been conducted before surgery. Exclusion criteria were: (1) familial colon adenoma; (2) patients with partial clinical data; (3) inflammatory bowel disease; (4) other malignant tumors; (5) connective tissue diseases; and (6) acute phase of inflammatory disease [44]. Specimens from CRC and benign colorectal lesions were obtained retrospectively from consecutive patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P.R. China, between June 2020 and October 2022. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third People’s Hospital of Hangzhou, and all study participants provided a written informed consent.

Immunohistochemical analysis

Netrin-1 and CD146 in the colorectal tissues, as well as S100A8 and S100A9 in the sentinel lymph nodes, were separately evaluated for protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC), which was performed based on the standard streptavidin-peroxidase method. Paraffin wax-embedded sections were deparaffinized through the application of 100% xylene and ethyl alcohol. The antigen was retrieved with 0.01 M citrate buffer solution (pH 6.0) and heated for 15 min at 95℃. The endogenous peroxidase activity was inactivated by incubating the slides in 3% hydrogen peroxide at room temperature for 10 min. After rinsing in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 10% bovine serum was applied for 20 min to block nonspecific reactions.

The slides were subsequently incubated with a goat polyclonal antibody against netrin-1(ab122903, 1:100, Abcam), a rabbit monoclonal antibody against CD146 (ab75769, 1:100, Abcam), and a mouse monoclonal antibody against human S100A8 (T-1030, 1:100, BMA Biomedicals) and S100A9 ((T-1026, 1:200, BMA Biomedicals). After rinsing in PBS, these slides were incubated with peroxidase-labeled anti-goat, anti-rabbit, and anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (Kit II, ZSGB-BIO), respectively. The peroxidase reaction was visualized with 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Finally, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Images of the tissues were snapped with a visible-light microscope. The intensity of specific staining was analyzed with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Springs, MD, U.S.A.). The intensities of the positive staining in the cytoplasm and nucleus were evaluated with the mean integrated optical density (mean IOD). Mean IOD was equal to IOD/area of the tumor Sect. [45].

Analysis of netrin-1 and CD146 gene expression and their association with CRC stage using GEPIA

GEPIA (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html) is a commonly used interactive tool [46]. The GEPIA dataset, which comprises samples from 9,736 tumors and 8,587 normal tissues from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, respectively, was used to determine the expression levels of netrin-1 and CD146, as well as their associations with CRC stage [45].

Analysis of prognosis associated with netrin-1 and CD146 expression using GEPIA and UALCAN

UALCAN (http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/) is a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses, and an update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform [47, 48]. UALCAN generates graphs depicting gene expression and survival curves, and performs pan-cancer gene expression analysis [45]. Here, we used UALCAN to mine survival data for patients with CRC samples that were associated with netrin-1 and CD146 expression. Meanwhile, GEPIA was used to validate the correlation between netrin-1 and CD146 expression in terms of either overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS). The log-rank test was performed, and the resultant hazard ratios (HRs) and p-values or Cox p-values from the log-rank test were plotted.

Statistical analysis

All results were represented as median ± standard deviation using SPSS software (IBM SPSS, Version 20.0). Independent- samples t-test was used to determine statistical significance for changes in two groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to evaluate the findings of more than two groups. Correlations were detected using the Spearman’s test. All tests were two-sided. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant in all analyses.

Results

The expression characteristics of netrin-1 and CD146 in colorectal tissues

We collected tissue samples from 10 normal colorectal tissues, 8 colorectal adenoma, and 60 CRC for analyzing netrin-1 and CD146 expression. Positive staining of netrin-1 and CD146 protein in colorectal tissues were mainly observed in the nucleus, and a few were observed in the cytoplasm, as brown-yellow colour (Figs. 1 and 2). There was no significant difference in netrin-1 and CD146 expression among different groups based on normal colorectal tissue, colorectal adenoma, and CRC (p > 0.05; Table 1). However, netrin-1 mean IOD values in CRC were obviously higher than normal colorectal tissue and colorectal adenoma.Fig. 1 Immunohistochemical analyses of netrin-1 expression. A Negative expression in normal tissues. B Positive expression in normal tissues. C Negative expression in adenoma. D Positive expression in adenoma. E Negative expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). F Positive expression in CRC (× 400 magnitude)

Fig. 2 Immunohistochemical analyses of CD146 expression. A Negative expression in normal tissues. B Positive expression in normal tissues. C Negative expression in adenoma. D Positive expression in adenoma. E Negative expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). F Positive expression in CRC (× 400 magnitude)

Table 1 Mean IOD values of 78 colorectal tissues

Variables	n	Netrin-1 mean IOD	F-value	p-value	CD146 mean IOD	F-value	p-value	
Normal colorectal tissue	10	0.01 ± 0.00	1.046	0.357	0.02 ± 0.01	0.502	0.607	
Colorectal adenoma	8	0.01 ± 0.02			0.03 ± 0.02			
Colorectal cancer	60	0.15 ± 0.42			0.04 ± 0.08			
IOD Integrated optic density

Data presented as mean ± SD

Clinicopathological characteristics of netrin-1 and CD146 in CRC

We explored the expression of netrin-1 and CD146 protein in CRC. The detailed clinicopathological characteristics of netrin-1 and CD146 mean IODs in CRC are presented in Table 2. There was no significant difference between netrin-1 and CD146 expression and gender, age, differentiation, size, lymphatic metastasis, and TNM stage (p > 0.05). Afterwards, we found that the p-value of the lymphatic metastasis group in netrin-1 protein was 0.065. We, therefore, analyzed lymph node metastases in netrin-1 protein by stages (Table 3). It was found that netrin-1 protein expression was markedly increased in the N1 stage group, and the p-value was 0.053. To further elucidate the characteristics of netrin-1 protein expression in lymphatic metastasis, we excluded only three cases of ectopic tumor deposit, i.e., three N1c cases, and conducted reanalysis (Table 4). We finally found a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.03). Afterwards, multiple comparisons were performed in the groups, a significant difference was identified between N1a+1b and No groups (p = 0.012). Table 2 Clinicopathological characteristics of netrin-1 and CD146 in CRC

Variables	n	Netrin-1 mean IOD	p-value	CD146 mean IOD	p-value	
Gender	
 Male	41	0.19 ± 0.49	0.177	0.05 ± 0.09	0.346	
 Female	19	0.17 ± 0.15		0.03 ± 0.02		
Age	
  ≤ 60 years	13	0.10 ± 0.18	0.589	0.02 ± 0.02	0.286	
  > 60 years	47	0.17 ± 0.46		0.05 ± 0.09		
Differentiation	
 Low	9	0.09 ± 0.21	0.778	0.03 ± 0.02	0.928	
 Medium	45	0.18 ± 0.47		0.04 ± 0.09		
 High	6	0.08 ± 0.17		0.04 ± 0.02		
Size	
  ≤ 5 cm	46	0.18 ± 0.47	0.318	0.05 ± 0.09	0.566	
  > 5 cm	14	0.05 ± 0.13		0.03 ± 0.01		
Lymphatic metastasis	
 Yes	32	0.24 ± 0.55	0.065	0.05 ± 0.11	0.360	
 No	28	0.05 ± 0.11		0.03 ± 0.02		
TNM stage	
 I	10	0.12 ± 0.16	0.196	0.05 ± 0.02	0.648	
 II	17	0.02 ± 0.01		0.02 ± 0.01		
 III	28	0.27 ± 0.58		0.05 ± 0.11		
 IV	5	0.02 ± 0.02		0.05 ± 0.04		
CRC Colorectal cancer, TNM Tumor, node, metastasis, IOD Integrated optic density

Data presented as mean ± SD

Table 3 Lymphatic metastasis stages of netrin-1 in CRC

Variables	n	Netrin-1 mean IOD	F-value	p-value	
Lymphatic metastasis	
 N1	22	0.32 ± 0.64	3.092	0.053	
 N2	10	0.06 ± 0.16			
 No	28	0.05 ± 0.11			
CRC Colorectal cancer, IOD Integrated optic density

Data presented as mean ± SD

Table 4 Lymphatic metastasis stages (excluding N1c) of netrin-1 in CRC

Variables	n	Netrin-1 mean IOD	F-value	p-value	
Lymphatic metastasis	
 N1a+1b	19	0.37 ± 0.69*	3.759	0.03	
 N2	10	0.06 ± 0.16			
 No	28	0.05 ± 0.11			
CRC Colorectal cancer, IOD Integrated optic density

Data presented as mean ± SD

*N1a+1b versus No (p = 0.012)

The expression characteristics of S100A8 and S100A9 in sentinel lymph nodes

A total of 29 sentinel lymph node specimens from 60 CRC patients were investigated. Of the 29 cases, there were 22 male cases and 7 female cases. Male patientsʼ age ranged between 52 and 93 years (mean value, 69.77 ± 10.13), and female patientsʼ age ranged between 44 and 84 years (mean value, 69.43 ± 17.32). There were 9 cases without lymph node metastasis and 20 cases with lymph node metastasis (including N1-stage, 12 cases and N2-stage, 8 cases). Meanwhile, there were 10 out of 29 CRC specimens with vascular infiltration. According to the TNM classification system, 4 (13.8%) were stage I, 5 (17.2%) were stage II, 18 (62.1%) were stage III, and 2 (6.9%) were stage IV. Signals for S100A8 and S100A9 in sentinel lymph nodes were detected predominantly in the nucleus, but cytoplasm staining was also observed, as brown-yellow colour (Fig. 3). For a comparative study, S100A8 and S100A9 expression in three cases of CRC were mainly detected in the cytoplasm (Fig. 3F).Fig. 3 Immunohistochemical analyses of S100A8 and S100A9 expression. A S100A8 negative expression in sentinel lymph node, scale bar: 50 µm. B S100A8 positive expression in sentinel lymph node, scale bar: 50 µm. C S100A9 weak staining in sentinel lymph node, scale bar: 50 µm. D S100A9 positive expression in sentinel lymph node, scale bar: 50 µm. E S100A8 expression in the lumen of sentinel lymph nodes, scale bar: 100 µm. F S100A9 positive expression in CRC (× 400 magnitude)

There was no significant difference in S100A8 and S100A9 expression among different groups based on lymph node metastasis, and there was no lymph node metastasis in CRC (p > 0.05) (Table 5). No significant difference was also found in S100A8 and S100A9 expression between vascular infiltration group and non-vascular infiltration group (p > 0.05). Table 5 Sentinel lymph node characteristics of S100A8 and S100A9 in CRC

Variables	n	S100A8 mean IOD	p-value	S100A9 mean IOD	p-value	
Lymphatic metastasis	
 Yes	20	0.03 ± 0.05	0.542	0.08 ± 0.20	0.770	
 No	9	0.02 ± 0.02		0.06 ± 0.03		
Vascular infiltration	
 Yes	10	0.04 ± 0.06	0.138	0.04 ± 0.03	0.427	
 No	19	0.02 ± 0.02		0.10 ± 0.20		
Data presented as mean ± SD. CRC: colorectal cancer; IOD: integrated optic density

Correlations among netrin-1, CD146, S100 A8, and S100 A9 in CRC patients

Monofactor analysis found that netrin-1 expression was associated with CD146 expression (60 cases, p = 0.001; 29cases, p = 0.02; Table 6). We also determined that CD146 level was associated with S100A9 level (p = 0.007). There were no significant correlations among netrin-1 and S100A8, netrin-1 and S100A9, CD146 and S100A8, and S100A8 and S100A9 (p = 0.614, 0.421, 0.777, and 0.364, respectively). To further evaluate the characteristics between netrin-1/CD146 and sentinel lymph nodes metastasis, we, therefore, reanalyzed their correlations in CRC progression by N stage (Table 7). We found that netrin-1 expression was obviously correlated with S100A9 expression in the N1 stage (p = 0.000). We also found that CD146 level was correlated with S100A9 level in the N2 stage (p = 0.039). Table 6 Correlations among netrin-1, CD146, S100A8, and S100A9 in CRC

Variable	r	p-value	
60 cases	
 Netrin-1 and CD146	0.414	0.001	
29 cases	
 Netrin-1 and CD146	0.430	0.020	
 Netrin-1 and S100A8	0.098	0.614	
 Netrin-1 and S100A9	0.155	0.421	
 CD146 and S100A8	0.055	0.777	
 CD146 and S100A9	0.492	0.007	
 S100A8 and S100A9	0.175	0.364	
CRC Colorectal cancer patients from mono-factor analysis

Table 7 Correlations between netrin-1/CD146 and S100A8/S100A9 in CRC

Variable	r	p-value	
No	
 Netrin-1 and S100A8	-0.409	0.274	
 Netrin-1 and S100A9	-0.362	0.339	
 CD146 and S100A8	0.170	0.663	
 CD146 and S100A9	0.630	0.069	
N1	
 Netrin-1 and S100A8	0.125	0.700	
 Netrin-1 and S100A9	0.867	0.000	
 CD146 and S100A8	-0.288	0.364	
 CD146 and S100A9	0.031	0.923	
N2	
 Netrin-1 and S100A8	-0.277	0.507	
 Netrin-1 and S100A9	0.060	0.887	
 CD146 and S100A8	0.024	0.955	
 CD146 and S100A9	0.731	0.039	
Progression by N stage

The expression of netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA between normal tissues and CRC

When using GEPIA to analyze netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA expression, 550 cases of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), 184 cases of rectal adenocarcinoma (READ), and 1,334 samples of normal colorectal tissues were included, respectively. This analysis revealed that netrin-1 mRNA expression did not exhibit any significant difference, and CD146 mRNA expression was significantly higher in normal colorectal tissues than in CRC (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4).Fig. 4 Expression of netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA related to normal tissues and colorectal cancer. A Expression of netrin-1 in normal tissues and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and normal tissues and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ) patients. B Expression of CD146 in normal tissues and COAD, and normal tissues and READ patients (p < 0.05)

The relationship between netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA expression and CRC stage

The relationship between the mRNA expression levels of netrin-1 and CD146, and the tumor stages of patients with CRC were analyzed using GEPIA. Netrin-1 and CD146 expression were not significantly associated with the tumor stages of patients with colon or rectal cancers (p = 0.338, p = 0.423, p = 0.101, and p = 0.235, respectively (Fig. 5).Fig. 5 A and B Correlation between netrin-1 expression and the tumor stages of patients with COAD and READ, respectively. C and D Correlation between CD146 expression and the tumor stages of patients with COAD and READ, respectively

The expression of netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA related to the prognosis of patients with CRC

After using UALCAN to analyze the data, it was revealed that netrin-1 expression was not significantly associated with the survival of patients with colon or rectal cancers (p = 0.50 and p = 0.84, respectively) (Fig. 6A, B). When using GEPIA to evaluate the relationship between netrin-1 mRNA expression and CRC prognosis, no significant differences were observed in OS and DFS between low and high expression patients with colon or rectal cancer (p = 0.80 and p = 0.33, and p = 0.91 and p = 0.82, respectively) (Fig. 6C-F).Fig. 6 A and B Correlation between netrin-1 mRNA expression and the survival of patients with COAD and READ, respectively. C and D Correlation between netrin-1 mRNA expression and the OS of patients with COAD and READ, respectively. E and F Correlation between netrin-1 mRNA expression and the DFS of patients with COAD and READ, respectively

Likewise, we found that CD146 expression was not significantly associated with the survival of patients with colon or rectal cancer (p = 0.16 and p = 0.36, respectively) (Fig. 7A, B). No significant differences were identified in OS and DFS between low and high expression patients with colon or rectal cancer (p = 0.86 and p = 0.46, and p = 0.57 and p = 0.50, respectively) (Fig. 7C-F).Fig. 7 A and B Correlation between CD146 mRNA expression and the survival of patients with COAD and READ, respectively. C and D Correlation between CD146 mRNA expression and the OS of patients with COAD and READ, respectively. E and F Correlation between CD146 mRNA expression and the DFS of patients with COAD and READ, respectively

Discussion

In recent years, netrin-1 has been shown to be up-regulated in many cancers, and this up-regulation has been proposed to act as a selective mechanism that blocks apoptosis induced by its dependence receptors DCC and UNC5H [4]. Further research data revealed that netrin-1 is upregulated not only in cancer cells, but also in cancer-associated stromal cells, which produce netrin-1 to control cancer cell plasticity [49]. CD146, an endothelial transmembrane protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is a previously unknown receptor for netrin-1, demonstrating the involvement of netrin-CD146 signaling in angiogenesis during vertebrate development [20]. Meanwhile, the miR-329-3p/netrin-1-CD146 complex promotes tumor circulating cell-mediated CRC liver metastasis [21]. However, the expression pattern and mechanism of netrin-1-CD146 complex in CRC remain largely undetermined.

In our study, we found that netrin-1 mean IOD values in CRC were obviously higher than those in normal colorectal tissue and adenoma, although this result was not statistically significant. It was also determined that CD146 mean IOD values exhibited no distinct increase. Netrin-1 is preferentially expressed at the base of intestinal crypts; whereas, its receptor DCC is evenly distributed throughout the villi. Netrin-1binding to DCC in crypt cells contributes to cell survival [50]. The even distribution of netrin-1 on the villus surface prevents apoptotic cell death, thus promoting tumour growth [50]. These results indicate that a higher distribution of netrin-1 could exist in adenomas and CRC, and this was confirmed by our findings. As a multi-functional molecule, CD146 participates in various biological processes, including angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, lymphocyte activation, and morphogenesis during development and tissue regeneration [51, 52]. Expressed in endothelial cells, CD146 is required for endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, and plays critical roles in angiogenesis [53–56]. Regarding the different expression sites of CD146 and other netrin-1 receptors, CD146 mean IOD values exhibited no significant differences among groups.

It was also found that netrin-1 and CD146 levels were not correlated with clinicopathological characteristics in CRC, respectively. However, the netrin-1 level of the lymph node metastasis group was only close to, but did not reach, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.065). We continued to analyze lymph node metastases in netrin-1 protein by stages, and determined that netrin-1 level was obviously increased in the N1 stage group, and the p- value was 0.053. Because lymph node metastasis and tumor deposit formation have different mechanisms [57], we excluded only three N1c cases of ectopic tumor deposit. It was finally revealed that netrin-1 level in N1a+1b patients was positively correlated with No (p = 0.012), but not correlated with N2 (p > 0.05). Previous research demonstrated that lymphangiogenesis plays a crucial role in promoting cancer metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes and beyond [58], and plays other roles in tumor pathogenesis, such as the niche function of tumor stem cells and regulatory functions of antitumor immune responses [59]. We speculated that netrin-1 high level in N1a+1b patients may be likely related with lymphangiogenesis and early lymph node metastasis.

There was no significant difference in S100A8 and S100A9 mean IOD of CRC between lymph node metastasis and no lymph node metastasis (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was also found in S100A8 and S100A9 mean IOD between vascular invasion group and non-vascular invasion group (p > 0.05). Non-metastatic lymph nodes can be regarded as the MDSC-mediated premetastatic niche formation, in which proinflammatory factors, such as S100A8 or S100A9, are abundantly expressed [40, 41]. In our study, the expression of S100A8 and S100A9 in TNM stage I (pT2N0M0) occurred in 4 cases (13.8%). In order to further explore the expression of proinflammatory factors, we need to collect more and earlier cases need to be collected in the future. Monofactor analysis found that netrin-1 expression was associated with CD146 expression (p < 0.05), and CD146 level was associated with S100A9 level (p = 0.007). Moreover, we found that netrin-1 expression was obviously correlated with S100A9 expression in the N1 stage (p = 0.000), and CD146 level was correlated with S100A9 level in the N2 stage (p = 0.039). CD146 is critically involved in S100A8/A9-mediated cancer metastasis and inflammation when expressed at high levels [60]. Previous results demonstrated that the S100A8/A9-CD146 signaling axis plays a critical role in metastatic onset of melanoma cells [61], and regulates a novel transcription factor ETV4, which leads to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through ZEB1 and thereby to metastasis in breast cancer cells [17]. Interestingly, exMCAM-Fc, a Fc fusion protein with the extracellular region of CD146, that could prevent the interaction of S100A8/A9 with CD146, efficiently reduced the number of circulating tumor cells that appeared in the blood flow [62]. According to the above research results, we speculated that the netrin-1-CD146 signaling axis is likely related with lymphangiogenesis for forming lymphatic metastasis passage, but netrin-1-S100A9 and CD146-S100A9 signaling axis are likely correlated with premetastatic niche formation for driving cancer cell dissemination to sentinel lymph nodes and beyond. Netrin-1may forms a complex with S100A9 in the N1 stage, and then binds to the transmembrane protein CD146 in cancer cells. However, with the down-regulation of netrin-1 in the N2 stage, S100A9 directly binds to the transmembrane protein CD146 in cancer cells. These complex communication network may be related to the different factors secreted by the secretome in tumor microenvironment at different time periods [63]. S100A8/A9 complex, S100A8, and S100A9 might be serve different functions in tumor-related inflammatory responses.

CD146 mRNA expression was higher in normal colorectal tissues than in CRC (p < 0.05). This result may be associated with increasing aberrant promoter methylation to be silent CD146 gene expression in CRC [64]. Netrin-1 mRNA expression was not found to be statistically different. A recent study showed that netrin-1 DNA methylation is significantly higher in CRCs (24.6%) than in the adjacent normal intestinal mucosa (4.0%) [65]. Meanwhile, we found that the protein expression of netrin-1 and CD146 was not significantly associated with CRC stage. Furthermore, GEPIA analysis revealed that the levels of netrin-1 and CD146 mRNA in CRC were also independent of disease stage. However, an association between netrin-1 expression and renal clear cell carcinoma stage was observed [66]. Another investigation did identify a negative association between CD146 and thyroid cancer stage (r = -0.231, p = 0.010) [67]. Therefore, netrin-1 and CD146 exhibit diverse biological characteristics in different solid tumors.

Our present study of CRC using UALCAN and GEPIA analysis did not find a significant association between netrin-1 expression and prognosis. Netrin-1 expression is associated with worse outcomes in poorly differentiated pancreatic adenocarcinomas [68]. Moreover, netrin-1 expression is still an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival in brain metastases and aggressive neuroblastoma [69, 70]. We also did not find a significant association between CD146 expression and prognosis. Yet, CD146 is regarded as an independent prognostic factor for osteosarcoma patients [71]. High CD146 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma [72]. CD146 also predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma [73], gastric cancer [74], and gallbladder adenocarcinoma [75].

Our study possesses certain limitations. First, our sample size small, and only the sentinel lymph node of partial specimens was provided. Second, to further analyze the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in sentinel lymph node, the samples (TisN0M0 and T1N0M0) should be obtained by means of animal experiments. Third, we did not follow-up on the survival of patients who supplied CRC tissues to compare with UALCAN and GEPIA analysis. Furthermore, we did not investigate the mechanism of netrin-1-CD146, netrin-1-S100A9 and S100A9-CD146 complex in lymphatic metastasis of CRC. Further studies are, therefore, required that address these issues.

In this study, we systemically analyzed the expression and prognostic value of netrin-1-CD146 complex, and which correlated with proinflammatory factors, in colorectal tumors. We speculated that netrin-1 high level in N1a+1b patients may likely be related with lymphangiogenesis and early lymph node metastasis. A possible explanation for this could be as follows: cancer-associated stromal cells produce netrin-1 to control cancer cell plasticity [49], resulting in netrin-1 high level in N1a+1b patients. After inducing by tumor-derived G-CSF, MDSC expressed S100A8/A9 and mediated premetastatic niche formation in sentinel lymphatic node [38, 39], where are abundantly imbued with S100A8 and S100A9 [40, 41]. Meanwhile, tumor cells also support MDSC expansion and recruitment by secreting multiple growth factors and cytokines [76]. Netrin-1 further promotes the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs and high netrin-1 in plasma correlated with MDSCs in CRC [76]. Moreover, peritumoral lymphangiogenesis plays a prominent role in lymph node metastasis [77]. Netrin-1-CD146 might be related with lymphatic metastatic passage, where lymphatic vessels have a larger size with a hollow, oval shape [78]. On the other hand, netrin-1-S100A9 and S100A9-CD146 might be related with driving force in different N stages [61], which drives tumor cells from the primary focus to the sentinel lymph node and beyond. Netrin-1 has been shown to be up-regulated in the N1 stage, which increases the chance of forming a complex with S100A9. In addition, our integrated bioinformatic analyses revealed that netrin-1 and CD146 levels were independent of CRC stage and prognosis.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed that the netrin-1/CD146 and netrin-1/S100A9 axis in CRC tissues might be related with early stage lymph node metastasis, thus providing potential novel channels for blocking lymphatic metastasis in CRC patients. In the future, we will continue to expand the clinical sample size to verify our clinical results and explore the potential mechanism. We believe that the netrin-1-CD146, netrin-1-S100A9, and CD146-S100A9 pathways should be investigated more deeply.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Material 1.

Abbreviations

CRC Colorectal cancer

MDSC Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

UICC The Union for International Cancer Control

IHC Immunohistochemistry

PBS Phosphate-buffered saline

IOD Integrated optical density

TCGA The Cancer Genome Atlas

GTEx The Genotype-Tissue Expression

OS Overall survival

DFS Disease-free survival

ANOVA One-way analysis of variance

COAD Colon adenocarcinoma

READ Rectal adenocarcinoma

EMT Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

HRs Hazard ratios

Acknowledgements

We thank the patients who provided the precious human colorectal tissues used in this study.

Authors’ contributions

J.C. and J.H. performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript; J.Q. and G.Y. collected tissues samples; D.W. performed statistical analyses; J.C., J.H., J.Q. and Z.S. analyzed and interpreted the data; G.Y. and D.W. contributed to scientific discussions; J.C., J.H. and Z.S. designed the experiments, provided useful advice on the manuscript, and modified the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by grants from the Health, Science and Technology Plan Project of Hangzhou (grant no. A20200024), the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Hangzhou (grant no. 20201203B201), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. LGF20H270001).

Availability of data and materials

Data is provided within the supplementary information files.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Third People’s Hospital of Hangzhou (Approval number: Y-KL2021009). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for this study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Jin-Ming Chen and Jun He contributed equally to this work.
==== Refs
References

1. Sung H Ferlay J Siegel RL Laversanne M Soerjomataram I Jemal A Bray F Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries CA Cancer J Clin 2021 71 3 209 249 10.3322/caac.21660 33538338
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.33538338 10.3322/caac.21660
2. Ahmad R Singh JK Wunnava A Al-Obeed O Abdulla M Srivastava SK Emerging trends in colorectal cancer:dysregulated signaling pathways (Review) Int J Mol Med 2021 47 3 14 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847 33655327
Ahmad R, Singh JK, Wunnava A, Al-Obeed O, Abdulla M, Srivastava SK. Emerging trends in colorectal cancer:dysregulated signaling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2021;47(3):14.33655327 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4847
3. Kefeli U Ucuncu Kefeli A Cabuk D Isik U Sonkaya A Acikgoz O Ozden E Uygun K Netrin-1 in cancer: potential biomarker and therapeutic target? Tumour Biol 2017 39 4 1010428317698388 10.1177/1010428317698388 28443497
Kefeli U, Ucuncu Kefeli A, Cabuk D, Isik U, Sonkaya A, Acikgoz O, Ozden E, Uygun K. Netrin-1 in cancer: potential biomarker and therapeutic target? Tumour Biol. 2017;39(4):1010428317698388.28443497 10.1177/1010428317698388
4. Mehlen P Delloye-Bourgeois C Chedotal A Novel roles for Slits and netrins: axon guidance cues as anticancer targets? Nat Rev Cancer 2011 11 3 188 197 10.1038/nrc3005 21326323
Mehlen P, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Chedotal A. Novel roles for Slits and netrins: axon guidance cues as anticancer targets? Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(3):188–97.21326323 10.1038/nrc3005
5. Xia X Hu Z Wang S Yin K Netrin-1: An emerging player in inflammatory diseases Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022 64 46 56 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.003 35082104
Xia X, Hu Z, Wang S, Yin K. Netrin-1: An emerging player in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;64:46–56.35082104 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.003
6. Layne K Ferro A Passacquale G Netrin-1 as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease: to activate or inhibit? Cardiovasc Res 2015 107 4 410 419 10.1093/cvr/cvv201 26209250
Layne K, Ferro A, Passacquale G. Netrin-1 as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease: to activate or inhibit? Cardiovasc Res. 2015;107(4):410–9.26209250 10.1093/cvr/cvv201
7. Mohamed R Liu Y Kistler AD Harris PC Thangaraju M Netrin-1 overexpression induces polycystic kidney disease: a novel mechanism contributing to cystogenesis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Am J Pathol 2022 192 6 862 875 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.004 35358475
Mohamed R, Liu Y, Kistler AD, Harris PC, Thangaraju M. Netrin-1 overexpression induces polycystic kidney disease: a novel mechanism contributing to cystogenesis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Pathol. 2022;192(6):862–75.35358475 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.004
8. Mille F Llambi F Guix C Delloye-Bourgeois C Guenebeaud C Castro-Obregon S Bredesen DE Thibert C Mehlen P Interfering with multimerization of netrin-1 receptors triggers tumor cell death Cell Death Differ 2009 16 10 1344 1351 10.1038/cdd.2009.75 19543238
Mille F, Llambi F, Guix C, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Guenebeaud C, Castro-Obregon S, Bredesen DE, Thibert C, Mehlen P. Interfering with multimerization of netrin-1 receptors triggers tumor cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16(10):1344–51.19543238 10.1038/cdd.2009.75
9. Fazeli A Dickinson SL Hermiston ML Tighe RV Steen RG Small CG Stoeckli ET Keino-Masu K Masu M Rayburn H Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene Nature 1997 386 6627 796 804 10.1038/386796a0 9126737
Fazeli A, Dickinson SL, Hermiston ML, Tighe RV, Steen RG, Small CG, Stoeckli ET, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Rayburn H, et al. Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. Nature. 1997;386(6627):796–804.9126737 10.1038/386796a0
10. Lehmann JM Riethmüller G Johnson JP MUC18, a marker of tumor progression in human melanoma, shows sequence similarity to the neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989 86 24 9891 9895 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9891 2602381
Lehmann JM, Riethmüller G, Johnson JP. MUC18, a marker of tumor progression in human melanoma, shows sequence similarity to the neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(24):9891–5.2602381 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9891
11. Wu GJ Fu P Chiang CF Huss WJ Greenberg NM Wu MW Increased expression of MUC18 correlates with the metastatic progression of mouse prostate adenocarcinoma in the TRAMP model J Urol 2005 173 5 1778 1783 10.1097/01.ju.0000154643.30048.2c 15821586
Wu GJ, Fu P, Chiang CF, Huss WJ, Greenberg NM, Wu MW. Increased expression of MUC18 correlates with the metastatic progression of mouse prostate adenocarcinoma in the TRAMP model. J Urol. 2005;173(5):1778–83.15821586 10.1097/01.ju.0000154643.30048.2c
12. Ouhtit A Gaur RL Abd Elmageed ZY Fernando A Thouta R Trappey AK Abdraboh ME El-Sayyad HI Rao P Raj MG Towards understanding the mode of action of the multifaceted cell adhesion receptor CD146 Biochim Biophys Acta 2009 1795 2 130 136 19356677
Ouhtit A, Gaur RL, Abd Elmageed ZY, Fernando A, Thouta R, Trappey AK, Abdraboh ME, El-Sayyad HI, Rao P, Raj MG. Towards understanding the mode of action of the multifaceted cell adhesion receptor CD146. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1795(2):130–6.19356677
13. Kobayashi H Gieniec KA Lannagan TRM Wang T Asai N Mizutani Y Iida T Ando R Thomas EM Sakai A The origin and contribution of cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal carcinogenesis Gastroenterology 2022 162 3 890 906 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.037 34883119
Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Lannagan TRM, Wang T, Asai N, Mizutani Y, Iida T, Ando R, Thomas EM, Sakai A, et al. The origin and contribution of cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(3):890–906.34883119 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.037
14. Zhang M Yang H Wan L Wang Z Wang H Ge C Liu Y Hao Y Zhang D Shi G Single-cell transcriptomic architecture and intercellular crosstalk of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma J Hepatol 2020 73 5 1118 1130 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.039 32505533
Zhang M, Yang H, Wan L, Wang Z, Wang H, Ge C, Liu Y, Hao Y, Zhang D, Shi G, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic architecture and intercellular crosstalk of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2020;73(5):1118–30.32505533 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.039
15. Olajuyin AM Olajuyin AK Wang Z Zhao X Zhang X CD146 T cells in lung cancer: its function, detection, and clinical implications as a biomarker and therapeutic target Cancer Cell Int 2019 19 247 10.1186/s12935-019-0969-9 31572064
Olajuyin AM, Olajuyin AK, Wang Z, Zhao X, Zhang X. CD146 T cells in lung cancer: its function, detection, and clinical implications as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Cancer Cell Int. 2019;19:247.31572064 10.1186/s12935-019-0969-9
16. Li C Kang L Fan K Ferreira CA Becker KV Huo N Liu H Yang Y Engle JW Wang R ImmunoPET of CD146 in orthotopic and metastatic breast cancer models Bioconjug Chem 2021 32 7 1306 1314 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00649 33475350
Li C, Kang L, Fan K, Ferreira CA, Becker KV, Huo N, Liu H, Yang Y, Engle JW, Wang R, et al. ImmunoPET of CD146 in orthotopic and metastatic breast cancer models. Bioconjug Chem. 2021;32(7):1306–14.33475350 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00649
17. Chen Y Sumardika IW Tomonobu N Kinoshita R Inoue Y Iioka H Mitsui Y Saito K Ruma IMW Sato H Critical role of the MCAM-ETV4 axis triggered by extracellular S100A8/A9 in breast cancer aggressiveness Neoplasia 2019 21 7 627 640 10.1016/j.neo.2019.04.006 31100639
Chen Y, Sumardika IW, Tomonobu N, Kinoshita R, Inoue Y, Iioka H, Mitsui Y, Saito K, Ruma IMW, Sato H, et al. Critical role of the MCAM-ETV4 axis triggered by extracellular S100A8/A9 in breast cancer aggressiveness. Neoplasia. 2019;21(7):627–40.31100639 10.1016/j.neo.2019.04.006
18. Wang P Luo Y Duan H Xing S Zhang J Lu D Feng J Yang D Song L Yan X MicroRNA329 suppresses angiogenesis by targeting CD146 Mol Cell Biol 2013 33 18 3689 3699 10.1128/MCB.00343-13 23878390
Wang P, Luo Y, Duan H, Xing S, Zhang J, Lu D, Feng J, Yang D, Song L, Yan X. MicroRNA329 suppresses angiogenesis by targeting CD146. Mol Cell Biol. 2013;33(18):3689–99.23878390 10.1128/MCB.00343-13
19. St CB CD146: the unveiling of a pro-angiogenic netrin receptor Cell Res 2015 25 5 533 534 10.1038/cr.2015.42 25849249
St CB. CD146: the unveiling of a pro-angiogenic netrin receptor. Cell Res. 2015;25(5):533–4.25849249 10.1038/cr.2015.42
20. Tu T Zhang C Yan H Luo Y Kong R Wen P Ye Z Chen J Feng J Liu F CD146 acts as a novel receptor for netrin-1 in promoting angiogenesis and vascular development Cell Res 2015 25 3 275 287 10.1038/cr.2015.15 25656845
Tu T, Zhang C, Yan H, Luo Y, Kong R, Wen P, Ye Z, Chen J, Feng J, Liu F, et al. CD146 acts as a novel receptor for netrin-1 in promoting angiogenesis and vascular development. Cell Res. 2015;25(3):275–87.25656845 10.1038/cr.2015.15
21. Fang X Xu Y Li K Liu P Zhang H Jiang Y Tang J Li Y Exosomal lncRNA PCAT1 promotes tumor circulating cell-mediated colorectal cancer liver metastasis by regulating the activity of the miR-329-3p/ Netrin-1-CD146 complex J Immunol Res 2022 2022 9916228 10.1155/2022/9916228 36093435
Fang X, Xu Y, Li K, Liu P, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Tang J, Li Y. Exosomal lncRNA PCAT1 promotes tumor circulating cell-mediated colorectal cancer liver metastasis by regulating the activity of the miR-329-3p/ Netrin-1-CD146 complex. J Immunol Res. 2022;2022:9916228.36093435 10.1155/2022/9916228
22. Donato R S100: a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001 33 7 637 668 10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00046-2 11390274
Donato R. S100: a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001;33(7):637–68.11390274 10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00046-2
23. Marenholz I Heizmann CW Fritz G S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 322 4 1111 1122 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.096 15336958
Marenholz I, Heizmann CW, Fritz G. S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;322(4):1111–22.15336958 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.096
24. Donato R Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins Microsc Res Tech 2003 60 6 540 551 10.1002/jemt.10296 12645002
Donato R. Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;60(6):540–51.12645002 10.1002/jemt.10296
25. Heizmann CW Ca2+-Binding proteins of the EF-hand superfamily: diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets Methods Mol Biol 2019 1929 157 186 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_11 30710273
Heizmann CW. Ca2+-Binding proteins of the EF-hand superfamily: diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1929:157–86.30710273 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_11
26. Zhang Y Yang X Zhu XL Bai H Wang ZZ Zhang JJ Hao CY Duan HB S100A gene family: immune-related prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for low-grade glioma Aging (Albany NY) 2021 13 11 15459 15478 10.18632/aging.203103 34148033
Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhu XL, Bai H, Wang ZZ, Zhang JJ, Hao CY, Duan HB. S100A gene family: immune-related prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for low-grade glioma. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(11):15459–78.34148033 10.18632/aging.203103
27. Holzinger D Tenbrock K Roth J Alarmins of the S100-family in juvenile autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases Front Immunol 2019 10 182 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00182 30828327
Holzinger D, Tenbrock K, Roth J. Alarmins of the S100-family in juvenile autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:182.30828327 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00182
28. Brenner AK Bruserud Ø S100 proteins in acute myeloid leukemia Neoplasia 2018 20 12 1175 1186 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.007 30366122
Brenner AK, Bruserud Ø. S100 proteins in acute myeloid leukemia. Neoplasia. 2018;20(12):1175–86.30366122 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.007
29. Lagasse E Clerc RG Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation Mol Cell Biol 1988 8 6 2402 2410 3405210
Lagasse E, Clerc RG. Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988;8(6):2402–10.3405210
30. Zwadlo G Brüggen J Gerhards G Schlegel R Sorg C Two calcium-binding proteins associated with specific stages of myeloid cell differentiation are expressed by subsets of macrophages in inflammatory tissues Clin Exp Immunol 1988 72 3 510 515 3048809
Zwadlo G, Brüggen J, Gerhards G, Schlegel R, Sorg C. Two calcium-binding proteins associated with specific stages of myeloid cell differentiation are expressed by subsets of macrophages in inflammatory tissues. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988;72(3):510–5.3048809
31. Hunter MJ Chazin WJ High level expression and dimer characterization of the S100 EF-hand proteins, migration inhibitory factor-related proteins 8 and 14 J Biol Chem 1998 273 20 12427 12435 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12427 9575199
Hunter MJ, Chazin WJ. High level expression and dimer characterization of the S100 EF-hand proteins, migration inhibitory factor-related proteins 8 and 14. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(20):12427–35.9575199 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12427
32. Murao S Collart FR Huberman E A protein containing the cystic fibrosis antigen is an inhibitor of protein kinases J Biol Chem 1989 264 14 8356 8360 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83189-1 2656677
Murao S, Collart FR, Huberman E. A protein containing the cystic fibrosis antigen is an inhibitor of protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(14):8356–60.2656677 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83189-1
33. Rammes A Roth J Goebeler M Klempt M Hartmann M Sorg C Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14, calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family, are secreted by activated monocytes via a novel, tubulin-dependent pathway J Biol Chem 1997 272 14 9496 9502 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9496 9083090
Rammes A, Roth J, Goebeler M, Klempt M, Hartmann M, Sorg C. Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14, calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family, are secreted by activated monocytes via a novel, tubulin-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(14):9496–502.9083090 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9496
34. Chen Y Ouyang Y Li Z Wang X Ma J S100A8 and S100A9 in Cancer Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023 1878 3 188891 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188891 37001615
Chen Y, Ouyang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Ma J. S100A8 and S100A9 in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2023;1878(3): 188891.37001615 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188891
35. Wang S Song R Wang Z Jing Z Wang S Ma J S100A8/A9 in Inflammation Front Immunol 2018 9 1298 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298 29942307
Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1298.29942307 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298
36. Shabani F Farasat A Mahdavi M Gheibi N Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9): a key protein between inflammation and cancer Inflamm Res 2018 67 10 801 812 10.1007/s00011-018-1173-4 30083975
Shabani F, Farasat A, Mahdavi M, Gheibi N. Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9): a key protein between inflammation and cancer. Inflamm Res. 2018;67(10):801–12.30083975 10.1007/s00011-018-1173-4
37. Padoan A Plebani M Basso D Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: focus on metabolism, cytokines, and immunity Int J Mol Sci 2019 20 3 676 10.3390/ijms20030676 30764482
Padoan A, Plebani M, Basso D. Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: focus on metabolism, cytokines, and immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):676.30764482 10.3390/ijms20030676
38. Sasano T Mabuchi S Kozasa K Kuroda H Kawano M Takahashi R Komura N Yokoi E Matsumoto Y Hashimoto K The highly metastatic nature of uterine cervical/endometrial cancer displaying tumor-related leukocytosis:clinical and preclinical investigations Clin Cancer Res 2018 24 16 4018 4029 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2472 29752277
Sasano T, Mabuchi S, Kozasa K, Kuroda H, Kawano M, Takahashi R, Komura N, Yokoi E, Matsumoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. The highly metastatic nature of uterine cervical/endometrial cancer displaying tumor-related leukocytosis:clinical and preclinical investigations. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(16):4018–29.29752277 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2472
39. Gielen PR Schulte BM Kers-Rebel ED Verrijp K Bossman SA Ter Laan M Wesseling P Adema GJ Elevated levels of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with glioblastoma highly express S100A8/9 and arginase and suppress T cell function Neuro Oncol 2016 18 9 1253 1264 10.1093/neuonc/now034 27006175
Gielen PR, Schulte BM, Kers-Rebel ED, Verrijp K, Bossman SA, Ter Laan M, Wesseling P, Adema GJ. Elevated levels of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with glioblastoma highly express S100A8/9 and arginase and suppress T cell function. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18(9):1253–64.27006175 10.1093/neuonc/now034
40. Mabuchi S Komura N Sasano T Shimura K Yokoi E Kozasa K Kuroda H Takahashi R Kawano M Matsumoto Y Pretreatment tumor-related leukocytosis misleads positron emission tomography-computed tomography during lymph node staging in gynecological malignancies Nat Commun 2020 11 1 1364 10.1038/s41467-020-15186-z 32170086
Mabuchi S, Komura N, Sasano T, Shimura K, Yokoi E, Kozasa K, Kuroda H, Takahashi R, Kawano M, Matsumoto Y, et al. Pretreatment tumor-related leukocytosis misleads positron emission tomography-computed tomography during lymph node staging in gynecological malignancies. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1364.32170086 10.1038/s41467-020-15186-z
41. Mabuchi S Sasano T Komura N Premetastatic niche and tumor-related leukocytosis: a close relationship that cannot be ignored in uterine cancer patients Oncotarget 2018 9 97 36889 36890 10.18632/oncotarget.26425 30651921
Mabuchi S, Sasano T, Komura N. Premetastatic niche and tumor-related leukocytosis: a close relationship that cannot be ignored in uterine cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2018;9(97):36889–90.30651921 10.18632/oncotarget.26425
42. Lin Q Ren L Jian M Xu P Li J Zheng P Feng Q Yang L Ji M Wei Y Xu J The mechanism of the premetastatic niche facilitating colorectal cancer liver metastasis generated from myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by the S1PR1–STAT3 signaling pathway Cell Death Dis 2019 10 10 693 10.1038/s41419-019-1922-5 31534132
Lin Q, Ren L, Jian M, Xu P, Li J, Zheng P, Feng Q, Yang L, Ji M, Wei Y, Xu J. The mechanism of the premetastatic niche facilitating colorectal cancer liver metastasis generated from myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by the S1PR1–STAT3 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(10):693.31534132 10.1038/s41419-019-1922-5
43. Morrissey SM Zhang F Ding C Montoya-Durango DE Hu X Yang C Wang Z Yuan F Fox M Zhang HG Tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppressive macrophages in a pre-metastatic niche through glycolytic dominant metabolic reprogramming Cell Metab 2021 33 10 2040 2058 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.002 34559989
Morrissey SM, Zhang F, Ding C, Montoya-Durango DE, Hu X, Yang C, Wang Z, Yuan F, Fox M, Zhang HG, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppressive macrophages in a pre-metastatic niche through glycolytic dominant metabolic reprogramming. Cell Metab. 2021;33(10):2040–58.34559989 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.002
44. Zhang Y Zhang W Xia M Xie Z An F Zhan Q Tian W Zhu T High expression of FABP4 in colorectal cancer and its clinical significance J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021 22 2 136 145 10.1631/jzus.B2000366 33615754
Zhang Y, Zhang W, Xia M, Xie Z, An F, Zhan Q, Tian W, Zhu T. High expression of FABP4 in colorectal cancer and its clinical significance. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2021;22(2):136–45.33615754 10.1631/jzus.B2000366
45. Wang H Li Y Zhou D Li X Jia S Qi S Huang J Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 is a potential marker of colorectal tumors Histol Histopathol 2021 36 2 183 194 33438176
Wang H, Li Y, Zhou D, Li X, Jia S, Qi S, Huang J. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1B1 is a potential marker of colorectal tumors. Histol Histopathol. 2021;36(2):183–94.33438176
46. Tang Z Li C Kang B Gao G Li C Zhang Z GEPIA: a web server for cancer and normal gene expression profiling and interactive analyses Nucleic Acids Res 2017 45 W1 W98 W102 10.1093/nar/gkx247 28407145
Tang Z, Li C, Kang B, Gao G, Li C, Zhang Z. GEPIA: a web server for cancer and normal gene expression profiling and interactive analyses. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(W1):W98–102.28407145 10.1093/nar/gkx247
47. Chandrashekar DS Bashel B Balasubramanya SAH Creighton CJ Ponce-Rodriguez I Chakravarthi BVSK Varambally S UALCAN: A portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses Neoplasia 2017 19 8 649 658 10.1016/j.neo.2017.05.002 28732212
Chandrashekar DS, Bashel B, Balasubramanya SAH, Creighton CJ, Ponce-Rodriguez I, Chakravarthi BVSK, Varambally S. UALCAN: A portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses. Neoplasia. 2017;19(8):649–58.28732212 10.1016/j.neo.2017.05.002
48. Chandrashekar DS Karthikeyan SK Korla PK Patel H Shovon AR Athar M Netto GJ Qin ZS Kumar S Manne U UALCAN: An update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform Neoplasia 2022 25 18 27 10.1016/j.neo.2022.01.001 35078134
Chandrashekar DS, Karthikeyan SK, Korla PK, Patel H, Shovon AR, Athar M, Netto GJ, Qin ZS, Kumar S, Manne U, et al. UALCAN: An update to the integrated cancer data analysis platform. Neoplasia. 2022;25:18–27.35078134 10.1016/j.neo.2022.01.001
49. Sung PJ Rama N Imbach J Fiore S Ducarouge B Neves D Chen HW Bernard D Yang PC Bernet A Cancer-associated fibroblasts produce Netrin-1 to control cancer cell plasticity Cancer Res 2019 79 14 3651 3661 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2952 31088838
Sung PJ, Rama N, Imbach J, Fiore S, Ducarouge B, Neves D, Chen HW, Bernard D, Yang PC, Bernet A, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts produce Netrin-1 to control cancer cell plasticity. Cancer Res. 2019;79(14):3651–61.31088838 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2952
50. Mehlen P Llambi F Role of netrin-1 and netrin-1dependence receptors in colorectal cancer Br J Cancer 2005 93 1 1 6 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602656 15956977
Mehlen P, Llambi F. Role of netrin-1 and netrin-1dependence receptors in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;93(1):1–6.15956977 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602656
51. Wang Z Yan X CD146, a multi-functional molecule beyond adhesion Cancer Lett 2013 330 2 150 162 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.049 23266426
Wang Z, Yan X. CD146, a multi-functional molecule beyond adhesion. Cancer Lett. 2013;330(2):150–62.23266426 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.049
52. Ye Z Zhang C Tu T Sun M Liu D Lu D Feng J Yang D Liu F Yan X Wnt5a uses CD146 as a receptor to regulate cell motility and convergent extension Nat Commun 2013 4 2803 10.1038/ncomms3803 24335906
Ye Z, Zhang C, Tu T, Sun M, Liu D, Lu D, Feng J, Yang D, Liu F, Yan X. Wnt5a uses CD146 as a receptor to regulate cell motility and convergent extension. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2803.24335906 10.1038/ncomms3803
53. Zheng CG Qiu YJ Zeng QQ Zhang Y Lu D Yang D Feng J Yan X Endothelial CD146 is required for in vitro tumor-induced angiogenesis: the role of a disulfide bond in signaling and dimerization Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009 41 11 2163 2172 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.014 19782948
Zheng CG, Qiu YJ, Zeng QQ, Zhang Y, Lu D, Yang D, Feng J, Yan X. Endothelial CD146 is required for in vitro tumor-induced angiogenesis: the role of a disulfide bond in signaling and dimerization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41(11):2163–72.19782948 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.014
54. Chan B Sinha S Cho D Ramchandran R Sukhatme VP Critical roles of CD146 in zebrafish vascular development Dev Dyn 2005 232 1 232 244 10.1002/dvdy.20220 15580611
Chan B, Sinha S, Cho D, Ramchandran R, Sukhatme VP. Critical roles of CD146 in zebrafish vascular development. Dev Dyn. 2005;232(1):232–44.15580611 10.1002/dvdy.20220
55. Harhouri K Kebir A Guillet B Foucault-Bertaud A Voytenko S Piercecchi-Marti MD Berenguer C Lamy E Vely F Pisano P Soluble CD146 displays angiogenic properties and promotes neovascularization in experimental hind-limb ischemia Blood 2010 115 18 3843 3851 10.1182/blood-2009-06-229591 20185588
Harhouri K, Kebir A, Guillet B, Foucault-Bertaud A, Voytenko S, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Berenguer C, Lamy E, Vely F, Pisano P, et al. Soluble CD146 displays angiogenic properties and promotes neovascularization in experimental hind-limb ischemia. Blood. 2010;115(18):3843–51.20185588 10.1182/blood-2009-06-229591
56. Bu P Gao L Zhuang J Feng J Yang D Yan X Anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody AA98 inhibits angiogenesis via suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB activation Mol Cancer Ther 2006 5 11 2872 2878 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0260 17121934
Bu P, Gao L, Zhuang J, Feng J, Yang D, Yan X. Anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody AA98 inhibits angiogenesis via suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(11):2872–8.17121934 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0260
57. Fan XJ Wan XB Yang ZL Fu XH Huang Y Chen DK Song SX Liu Q Xiao HY Wang L Wang JP Snail promotes lymph node metastasis and Twist enhances tumor deposit formation through epithelial- mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer Hum Pathol 2013 44 2 173 180 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.03.029 22974478
Fan XJ, Wan XB, Yang ZL, Fu XH, Huang Y, Chen DK, Song SX, Liu Q, Xiao HY, Wang L, Wang JP. Snail promotes lymph node metastasis and Twist enhances tumor deposit formation through epithelial- mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(2):173–80.22974478 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.03.029
58. Ji RC Eshita Y Kobayashi T Hidano S Kamiyama N Onishi Y Role of simvastatin in tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis Clin Exp Metastasis 2018 35 8 785 796 10.1007/s10585-018-9940-8 30255290
Ji RC, Eshita Y, Kobayashi T, Hidano S, Kamiyama N, Onishi Y. Role of simvastatin in tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2018;35(8):785–96.30255290 10.1007/s10585-018-9940-8
59. Hu X Luo J Heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis: progress and prospects Cancer Sci 2018 109 10 3005 3012 10.1111/cas.13738 30007095
Hu X, Luo J. Heterogeneity of tumor lymphangiogenesis: progress and prospects. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(10):3005–12.30007095 10.1111/cas.13738
60. Sumardika IW Youyi C Kondo E Inoue Y Ruma IMW Murata H Kinoshita R Yamamoto KI Tomida S Shien K β-1,3-Galactosyl-O-Glycosyl –Glycoprotein β-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 increases MCAM stability, which enhances S100A8/A9-mediated cancer motility Oncol Res 2018 26 3 431 444 10.3727/096504017X15031557924123 28923134
Sumardika IW, Youyi C, Kondo E, Inoue Y, Ruma IMW, Murata H, Kinoshita R, Yamamoto KI, Tomida S, Shien K, et al. β-1,3-Galactosyl-O-Glycosyl –Glycoprotein β-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 increases MCAM stability, which enhances S100A8/A9-mediated cancer motility. Oncol Res. 2018;26(3):431–44.28923134 10.3727/096504017X15031557924123
61. Chen Y Sumardika IW Tomonobu N Winarsa Ruma IM Kinoshita R Kondo E Inoue Y Sato H Yamauchi A Murata H Melanoma cell adhesion molecule is the driving force behind the dissemination of melanoma upon S100A8/A9 binding in the original skin lesion Cancer Lett 2019 452 178 190 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.023 30904617
Chen Y, Sumardika IW, Tomonobu N, Winarsa Ruma IM, Kinoshita R, Kondo E, Inoue Y, Sato H, Yamauchi A, Murata H, et al. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule is the driving force behind the dissemination of melanoma upon S100A8/A9 binding in the original skin lesion. Cancer Lett. 2019;452:178–90.30904617 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.023
62. Tomonobu N Kinoshita R Sakaguchi M exMCAM-Fc, an S100A8/A9-mediated-metastasis blocker, efficiently reduced the number of circulating tumor cells that appeared in the blood flow Mol Biol Rep 2020 47 6 4879 4883 10.1007/s11033-020-05495-3 32383137
Tomonobu N, Kinoshita R, Sakaguchi M. exMCAM-Fc, an S100A8/A9-mediated-metastasis blocker, efficiently reduced the number of circulating tumor cells that appeared in the blood flow. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(6):4879–83.32383137 10.1007/s11033-020-05495-3
63. Jiménez G de LópezAndrés J Marchal JA Stem cell-secreted factors in the tumor microenvironment Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020 1277 115 126 10.1007/978-3-030-50224-9_8 33119869
Jiménez G, de LópezAndrés J, Marchal JA. Stem cell-secreted factors in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1277:115–26.33119869 10.1007/978-3-030-50224-9_8
64. Dudzik P Trojan SE Ostrowska B Lasota M Dulińska-Litewka J Laidler P Kocemba-Pilarczyk KA Aberrant promoter methylation may be responsible for the control of CD146 (MCAM) gene expression during breast cancer progression Acta Biochim Pol 2019 66 4 619 625 31826047
Dudzik P, Trojan SE, Ostrowska B, Lasota M, Dulińska-Litewka J, Laidler P, Kocemba-Pilarczyk KA. Aberrant promoter methylation may be responsible for the control of CD146 (MCAM) gene expression during breast cancer progression. Acta Biochim Pol. 2019;66(4):619–25.31826047
65. Nakayama H Ohnuki H Nakahara M Nishida-Fukuda H Sakaue T Fukuda S Higashiyama S Doi Y Mitsuyoshi M Okimoto T Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022 611 146 150 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.069 35489200
Nakayama H, Ohnuki H, Nakahara M, Nishida-Fukuda H, Sakaue T, Fukuda S, Higashiyama S, Doi Y, Mitsuyoshi M, Okimoto T, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022;611:146–50.35489200 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.069
66. Gong BS Feng Q Netrin-1: The new tumor markers in renal clear cell carcinoma Asian Pac J Trop Med 2015 8 6 489 493 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.05.005 26194836
Gong BS, Feng Q. Netrin-1: The new tumor markers in renal clear cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(6):489–93.26194836 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.05.005
67. Abd Elmageed ZY Moroz K Kandil E Clinical significance of CD146 and latexin during different stages of thyroid cancer Mol Cell Biochem 2013 381 1–2 95 103 10.1007/s11010-013-1691-x 23712706
Abd Elmageed ZY, Moroz K, Kandil E. Clinical significance of CD146 and latexin during different stages of thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;381(1–2):95–103.23712706 10.1007/s11010-013-1691-x
68. Link BC Reichelt U Schreiber M Kaifi JT Wachowiak R Bogoevski D Bubenheim M Cataldegirmen G Gawad KA Issa R Prognostic implications of netrin-1 expression and its receptors in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas Ann Surg Oncol 2007 14 9 2591 2599 10.1245/s10434-007-9469-6 17549567
Link BC, Reichelt U, Schreiber M, Kaifi JT, Wachowiak R, Bogoevski D, Bubenheim M, Cataldegirmen G, Gawad KA, Issa R, et al. Prognostic implications of netrin-1 expression and its receptors in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(9):2591–9.17549567 10.1245/s10434-007-9469-6
69. Harter PN Zinke J Scholz A Tichy J Zachskorn C Kvasnicka HM Goeppert B Delloye-Bourgeois C Hattingen E Senft C Netrin-1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival in brain metastases PLoS One 2014 9 3 e92311 10.1371/journal.pone.0092311 24647424
Harter PN, Zinke J, Scholz A, Tichy J, Zachskorn C, Kvasnicka HM, Goeppert B, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Hattingen E, Senft C, et al. Netrin-1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival in brain metastases. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92311.24647424 10.1371/journal.pone.0092311
70. Delloye-Bourgeois C Fitamant J Paradisi A Cappellen D Douc-Rasy S Raquin MA Stupack D Nakagawara A Rousseau R Combaret V Netrin-1 acts as a survival factor for aggressive neuroblastoma J Exp Med 2009 206 4 833 847 10.1084/jem.20082299 19349462
Delloye-Bourgeois C, Fitamant J, Paradisi A, Cappellen D, Douc-Rasy S, Raquin MA, Stupack D, Nakagawara A, Rousseau R, Combaret V, et al. Netrin-1 acts as a survival factor for aggressive neuroblastoma. J Exp Med. 2009;206(4):833–47.19349462 10.1084/jem.20082299
71. Wang J Wu Z Zheng M Yu S Zhang X Xu X CD146 is closely associated with the prognosis and molecular features of osteosarcoma: Guidance for personalized clinical treatment Front Genet 2022 13 1025306 10.3389/fgene.2022.1025306 36338992
Wang J, Wu Z, Zheng M, Yu S, Zhang X, Xu X. CD146 is closely associated with the prognosis and molecular features of osteosarcoma: Guidance for personalized clinical treatment. Front Genet. 2022;13:1025306.36338992 10.3389/fgene.2022.1025306
72. Lv Z Feng HY Tao W Li HZ Zhang X CD146 as a prognostic-related biomarker in ccRCC correlating with immune infiltrates Front Oncol 2021 11 744107 10.3389/fonc.2021.744107 34956870
Lv Z, Feng HY, Tao W, Li HZ, Zhang X. CD146 as a prognostic-related biomarker in ccRCC correlating with immune infiltrates. Front Oncol. 2021;11:744107.34956870 10.3389/fonc.2021.744107
73. Jiang G Zhang L Zhu Q Bai D Zhang C Wang X CD146 promotes metastasis and predicts poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016 35 38 10.1186/s13046-016-0313-3 26928402
Jiang G, Zhang L, Zhu Q, Bai D, Zhang C, Wang X. CD146 promotes metastasis and predicts poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2016;35:38.26928402 10.1186/s13046-016-0313-3
74. Liu WF Ji SR Sun JJ Zhang Y Liu ZY Liang AB Zeng HZ CD146 expression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and a poor prognosis in gastric cancer Int J Mol Sci 2012 13 5 6399 6406 10.3390/ijms13056399 22754372
Liu WF, Ji SR, Sun JJ, Zhang Y, Liu ZY, Liang AB, Zeng HZ. CD146 expression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and a poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(5):6399–406.22754372 10.3390/ijms13056399
75. Wang W Yang ZL Liu JQ Jiang S Miao XY Identification of CD146 expression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis as progression, metastasis, and poor-prognosis related markers for gallbladder adenocarcinoma Tumour Biol 2012 33 1 173 82 10.1007/s13277-011-0260-8 22076922
Wang W, Yang ZL, Liu JQ, Jiang S, Miao XY. Identification of CD146 expression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis as progression, metastasis, and poor-prognosis related markers for gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2012;33(1):173–82.22076922 10.1007/s13277-011-0260-8
76. Xia X Mao Z Wang W Ma J Tian J Wang S Yin K Netrin-1 promotes the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs in colorectal cancer Cancer Immunol Res 2023 11 5 600 613 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-22-0658 36812256
Xia X, Mao Z, Wang W, Ma J, Tian J, Wang S, Yin K. Netrin-1 promotes the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2023;11(5):600–13.36812256 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-22-0658
77. Zhang Y Liu Y Shen D Zhang H Huang H Li S Ren J Detection and prognostic value of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer Transl Cancer Res 2020 9 10 6189 6197 10.21037/tcr-20-1038 35117229
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Shen D, Zhang H, Huang H, Li S, Ren J. Detection and prognostic value of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Transl Cancer Res. 2020;9(10):6189–97.35117229 10.21037/tcr-20-1038
78. Huang C Chen Y Lymphangiogenesis and colorectal cancer Saudi Med J 2017 38 3 237 244 10.15537/smj.2017.3.16245 28251217
Huang C, Chen Y. Lymphangiogenesis and colorectal cancer. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(3):237–44.28251217 10.15537/smj.2017.3.16245
