
==== Front
Int J Sports Phys Ther
Int J Sports Phys Ther
2159
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
2159-2896
NASMI Website: International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

36518844
39612
10.26603/001c.39612
Original Research
Does the 2D Frontal Plane Projection Angle Predict Frontal Plane Knee Moments during Stepping, Landing, and Change of Direction Tasks?
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4919-4825
Straub Rachel K
Powers Christopher M
Corresponding author: Christopher M. Powers, PT, PhD, FACSM, FAPTA USC Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy 1540 E. Alcazar St. CHP-155 Los Angeles, CA 90089-9006 Phone: 323.442.1928 Fax: 323.442.1515 Email: powers@usc.edu
2 12 2022
2022
17 7 12591270
4 3 2022
15 8 2022
© The Author(s)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (4.0) which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Background

Although dynamic knee valgus can be visually identified using the 2D frontal plane projection angle (FPPA), the validity of the FPPA in terms of predicting frontal plane knee kinematics has been questioned. The biomechanical utility of the FPPA may lie in its ability to predict frontal plane knee moments.

Hypothesis/Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the ability of the FPPA to predict the frontal plane knee kinetics (peak moment, average moment, and moment at peak knee flexion) across a wide range of tasks (stepping, landing, and change of direction).

Design

Crossover Study Design.

Methods

Three-dimensional lower-extremity kinetics and 2D video were obtained from 39 healthy athletes (15 males and 24 females) during execution of six tasks (step down, drop jump, lateral shuffle, deceleration, triple hop, side-step-cut). Linear regression analysis was performed to determine if the 2D FPPA at peak knee flexion predicted frontal plane knee moment variables during the deceleration phase of each task (peak moment, average moment, moment at peak knee flexion).

Results

The FPPA was found to significantly predict the peak frontal plane knee moment for two tasks (deceleration and side-step-cut, R2 = 12% to 25%), average frontal plane knee moment for five tasks (drop jump, shuffle, deceleration, triple hop, side-step-cut, R2 = 15% to 40%), and frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion for five tasks (drop jump, shuffle, deceleration, triple hop, side-step-cut, R2 = 16% to 45%).

Conclusion

An increased FPPA (medial knee collapse) predicted increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments) during landing and change of direction tasks (but not stepping). However, the predictive ability of the FPPA was weak to moderate.

2D video
movement screening
knee biomechanics
==== Body
pmcINTRODUCTION

The frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) is a two-dimensional (2D) clinical measure that was developed to identify knee valgus during dynamic tasks.1,2 Although the FPPA has been questioned in terms of being able to predict non-contact ACL injury,3,4 this measurement has been shown to distinguish between persons with and without patellofemoral pain5–7 and predict acute lower-extremity injuries (hip, groin, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, or foot).8 Given the potential clinical usefulness of the FPPA, there has been interest in understanding its biomechanical utility in relation to traditional laboratory based measures of frontal plane knee kinematics.

To date, several studies have compared FPPA measurements and 3D knee kinematics during various tasks. Across studies, the association (R2) between the FPPA and 3D knee valgus angle has been reported to range from 0% to 64% across a wide range of tasks (i.e., single limb squat, drop jump, single leg hop, single leg land, lateral jump, and cutting).1,5,9–15 Although some authors have found that the FPPA and 3D knee valgus are correlated, the reported agreement between these angular measures is poor.16 More specifically, the FPPA has been shown to overestimate true frontal plane knee motion during a single leg squat,11 drop jump,10 and single leg hop,10 with the 95% limits of agreement ranging from -30° to 17°.10,11

The poor agreement between the FPPA and 3D frontal plane knee valgus can be explained by previous research that has shown that what appears as knee valgus on 2D video actually is a combination of sagittal, frontal, and transverse motions at the hip and knee.5,17,18 For example, studies have reported that individuals who exhibit poor frontal plane knee alignment based on visual assessment during a step down or single leg squat have increased hip adduction,17 hip flexion,17 knee external rotation,17 and hip internal rotation.18 Furthermore, an increased FPPA has been found to be correlated with increased hip adduction, knee external rotation, and hip external rotation during a single leg squat.5

While it is readily apparent that out-of-plane motions at the hip and knee compromise the ability of the FPPA to accurately represent frontal plane knee kinematics, these frontal and transverse rotations of the thigh and tibia segments may influence variables used to calculate the frontal plane knee joint moment using inverse dynamic equations (e.g., joint center location, joint angular velocities, segment accelerations, etc.). To date, two studies have evaluated the relationship between the FPPA and knee valgus moments with mixed results.12,14 Herrington et al. reported a strong relationship between the FPPA and peak knee valgus moment during the single leg step down (R2 = 42%) but not the single leg landing (R2 = 13%).12 Similarly, Mizner et al. reported a strong association between the FPPA and knee valgus moment at peak knee flexion during a double-leg drop jump (R2 = 35%).14 To date, the ability of the FPPA to predict frontal plane knee moments during tasks that involve pivoting and/or change of direction is not known. This is important as such movements have been shown to result in high knee valgus moments when compared to tasks that are more linear in nature.19

The purpose of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the ability of the FPPA to predict the frontal plane knee kinetics (peak moment, average moment, and moment at peak knee flexion) across a wide range of tasks (stepping, landing, and change of direction). The authors hypothesized that an increased 2D FPPA would be predictive of frontal plane knee moments (i.e., increased knee valgus moments or decreased knee varus moments). Information gained from this study will advance knowledge about the clinical utility of the FPPA in characterizing movement behavior that may expose individuals to lower-extremity injury.

METHODS

Participants

The present study included a sample of 39 healthy athletes from prior studies with different study aims, as previously described.20–22 Athletes between the ages of 13 and 40 years participated (15 males: age = 23.8 (7.3) yrs., height = 1.81 (0.08) m, mass = 78.9 (16.2) kg; 24 females: age = 17.3 (6.3) yrs., height = 1.65 (0.08) m, mass = 56.1 (11.3) kg). All participants were currently partaking in a sport with high levels of jumping, cutting, or lateral movements (such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, lacrosse, football, netball, or tennis). Participants were ex­cluded if they had current lower-extremity pain, any history of ACL reconstruction, lower-extremity injuries/surgeries in the prior six months or indicated any medical condition that would impair their ability to perform the athletic tasks.

A sample size calculation was performed in G*Power (Version 3.1) based on pilot data to determine the number of participants needed to assess the relationship between the FPPA and frontal plane knee moment across six tasks. Using a 5% significance level, 90% power, R2 value of 0.30 (based on pilot data), and 1 predictor, a minimum of 27 participants was deemed necessary.

Instrumentation

Three‐dimensional and 2D kinematic data were collected at 120 Hz using a video-based 8-camera motion analysis system (Simi Reality Motion Systems GmbH, Unterschleissheim, Germany). One of the eight cameras was positioned 80 cm off the ground (perpendicular to the force plate) and was used to collect the required frontal plane images for the 2D analysis.

Ground reaction forces were collected at 1200 Hz (Model #BP600900-2000, Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc, Watertown, MA, USA) and synchronized with the motion capture system. The force plate was embedded into the floor and was used for five out of the six tasks evaluated. For the step-down task described below, a portable force plate was integrated into a 22 cm step (Model #O60-7000, Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc, Watertown, MA, USA).

Procedures

Prior to data collection, participants were informed about the nature of the study and written consent was obtained as approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Health Sciences Campus at the University of Southern California. Once informed consent was obtained, participants warmed up on a stationary bike for 5-10 minutes. For all data procedures outlined below, data were obtained on the right limb.

Participants were instrumented with 17 reflective markers (10 mm diameter) on the right lower extremity, as previously described.21,22 Two-dimensional video and 3D motion analysis were collected during the following tasks: 1) Step Down, 2) Drop Jump, 3) Lateral Shuffle, 4) Deceleration, 5) Triple Hop, and 6) Side-Step-Cut. Details regarding the instructions provided to participants for each of the tasks can found in Table 1.20–22 These tasks were selected based on current knowledge of movements thought to be associated with various sport injuries. A trial was considered successful if all markers remained visible and only the foot of tested limb fully contacted the force plate. Participants were permitted to practice until comfortable with the performance of each task. One to two trials were obtained for each of the tasks.

102928 Table 1. Description of the Tasks Evaluated.

Tasks	Description	
Step Down	Participants were instructed to lower themselves from a 0.22 m step, tap the opposite heel to the floor, then return to the starting position. This motion was repeated five times without stopping.	
Drop Jump	Participants stood on a 0.46 m box and were instructed to drop from the box, land with only the tested limb on the force plate, then jump as high as possible.	
Lateral Shuffle	Participants were instructed to shuffle to the side as quickly as possible (4.6 m runway), plant only the tested limb on the force plate, then switch directions and shuffle back to the start. This motion was repeated two times without stopping.	
Deceleration	Participants were instructed to run forward as quickly as possible (4.6 m runway), plant only the tested limb on the force plate, then backpedal to the starting position. This motion was repeated two times without stopping.	
Triple Hop	Participants were instructed to perform three consecutive maximal forward hops on the tested limb and stick the landing on the force plate. The starting distance was 90% of the maximal hop length, measured from the center of the force plate. Maximal hop length was established prior to biomechanical testing.	
Side-Step-Cut	Participants were instructed to run forward as quickly as possible (4.6 m runway), plant only the tested limb on the force plate, then turn 90°.	

Data Analysis

The first successful trial was selected for each task and used for data analysis. Marker position data were labeled in Simi Motion and then exported with the force data to Visual3D software (C-Motion, Inc, Germantown, MD, USA). Marker trajectory and analog force plate data were low-pass filtered at 12 Hz, using a fourth-order Butterworth filter.23 Joint angles were calculated using a X-Y-Z (sagittal-frontal-transverse) Cardan sequence.

Inverse dynamics equations were used to calculate net joint moments (external) at the knee. Moment data were normalized to body mass and height. Three frontal plane knee moment variables were extracted (peak moment, average moment, and moment at peak knee flexion). The peak and average frontal plane knee moments were calculated during the deceleration phase of all tasks (initial contact to peak knee flexion). In addition, the frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion was identified. For the step down, the peak and average frontal plane knee moments were calculated during the lowering phase (initiation of the movement to the time at which the heel touched the ground). For calculation of the peak moment for trials in which a valgus moment was not present, the minimum varus moment was identified and used for statistical analysis.

For the 2D video analysis, the image containing peak knee flexion was identified. For the step down, the image at which the contralateral heel touched the ground was used for analysis. Images were uploaded into ImageJ software (Version 1.50i, National Institute of Health, USA) for 2D angle assessments. The FPPA was measured as the angle formed by three points (ASIS, knee joint center, ankle joint center). This value was subtracted from 180 to represent the anatomical frontal plane alignment of the knee.10 A positive value represented knee valgus (knee joint center medial to a line formed from the ankle and ASIS) and a negative represented knee varus (knee joint marker lateral to a line formed from the ankle and ASIS) (Figure 1). All 2D measurements were obtained by a single investigator who demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability for all tasks prior to the start of the study (ICCs ranging from 0.91 to 1.0).

102929 Figure 1. Measurement of the FPPA obtained at peak knee flexion from 2D video. Positive values indicate knee valgus.

Statistical Analysis

Linear regression analysis was used to assess the ability of the 2D FPPA angle (independent variable) to predict the frontal plane knee moment (dependent variable). This analysis was repeated for each task and was run separately for each dependent variable (peak frontal plane knee moment, average frontal plane knee moment, and frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion). R2 values were interpreted as strong (>= 0.50), moderate (0.25-0.49), weak (0.10-0.24), and negligible (0.0-0.09).24 All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 27 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) and a custom MATLAB script (The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA) with alpha set at 0.05.

RESULTS

Due to technical issues with the force plate, ground reaction force data were not available for one subject during the drop jump and eight participants during the step-down task. Descriptive statistics for the FPPA, peak frontal plane knee moment, and average frontal plane knee moment for each task are presented in Figure 2. Time series data for the frontal plane knee moment are presented in Figure 3.

102930 Figure 2. Average FPPA and moment variables for the six tasks evaluated. Error bars represent one SD.

102931 Figure 3. Time-normalized frontal plane knee moment data for the six tasks evaluated. Error bars represent 1 SD. Positive values represent knee valgus moments.

Relationship between FPPA and Peak Frontal Plane Knee Moment

The FPPA was found to significantly predict the peak frontal plane knee moment for deceleration (R2 = 0.12, p = 0.032) and side-step-cut (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.001), with a larger FPPA predicting increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments). However, the FPPA did not predict the peak frontal plane knee moment for step down, drop jump, lateral shuffle, and triple hop (Figure 4).

102932 Figure 4. Linear regression models to predict the peak frontal plane knee moment for each task.

Relationship between FPPA and Average Frontal Plane Knee Moment

The FPPA was found to significantly predict the average frontal plane knee moment for drop jump (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.001), shuffle (R2 = 0.40, p < 0.001), deceleration (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.004), triple hop (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.015), and side-step-cut (R2 = 0.31, p < 0.001), with a larger FPPA predicting increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments). However, the FPPA did not predict the average frontal plane knee moment for step down (R2 = 0.0, p = 0.775) (Figure 5).

102933 Figure 5. Linear regression models to predict the average frontal plane knee moment for each task.

Relationship between FPPA and Frontal Plane Knee Moment at Peak Knee Flexion

The FPPA was found to significantly predict the frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion for drop jump (R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001), shuffle (R2 = 0.45, p < 0.001), deceleration (R2 = 0.16, p = 0.013), triple hop (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.008), and side-step-cut (R2 = 0.27, p < 0.001), with a larger FPPA predicting increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments). However, the FPPA did not predict the frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion for step down (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.41) (Figure 6).

102934 Figure 6. Linear regression models to predict the frontal plane knee moment at maximum knee flexion for each task.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the ability of the FPPA to predict the frontal plane knee kinetics (peak moment, average moment, and moment at peak knee flexion) across a wide range of tasks (stepping, landing, and change of direction). In general, the FPPA was a better predictor of the average frontal plane knee moment (five out of six tasks) and frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion (5 of 6 tasks) compared to the peak frontal plane knee moment (two out of six tasks). For all significant models, an increased FPPA predicted increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments) during landing and change of direction tasks (but not stepping). However, the strength of the predictive models was weak to moderate (R2 = 12% to 45%), highlighting that the utility of the FPPA as an indicator of frontal plane knee moments during landing and change of direction tasks is limited.

The current results are in general agreement with the findings of Herrington et al.12 and Mizner et al.,14 both of whom examined the ability of the FPPA to predict knee valgus moments during various tasks. Mizner et al. reported that an increased FPPA predicted the knee valgus moment at peak knee flexion during a drop jump task (R2 = 35%),14 which is comparable to our moment results at peak knee flexion for the drop jump (R2 = 39%). Herrington et al. reported that an increased FPPA did not predict the peak knee valgus moment during a single leg landing from a box (R2 = 13%),12 which agrees with our finding for the peak frontal plane knee moment during the triple hop (R2 = 2%). However, Herrington et al. reported that an increased FPPA predicted the peak knee valgus moment during a single leg squat (R2 = 42%),12 which is in contrast with our findings for the step down for the peak frontal plane knee moment (R2 = 1%). However, the step down and single leg squat differ in a number of kinematic variables,25 which makes direct comparisons difficult.

Across tasks, the highest R2 values were found for the average frontal knee moments and frontal plane knee moments at maximum knee flexion. Given that the FPPA was measured at peak knee flexion, it is logical that the FPPA was predictive of the frontal plane knee moment at that point in time. Additionally, the fact that peak knee flexion was used to indicate the end of the deceleration phase for each task may explain why the FPPA predictive models for the average moment during the deceleration phase were similar to those observed for the frontal plane knee moment at peak knee flexion. The ability of the FPPA to predict the peak frontal plane knee moment was limited to two of the six tasks (deceleration and cutting), with R2 values being lower than the other two variables examined. The limited ability of the FPPA to predict the peak frontal plane knee moments may be explained by the fact that the peak moment did not always occur at the same time point at which the FPPA was measured (Figure 3). As such, the timing of the kinetic variables of interest should be considered when measuring the FPPA at a single point in time.

With respect to the strength of the predictions across tasks, the step down exhibited non-significant results for all three frontal plane knee moment variables (R2 = 0-2%) ( Figure 4-6). This finding may be related to the fact that 100% of participants exhibited average knee varus moments during this movement, and this task had the lowest average frontal plane knee moment (Figure 2, Figure 5). In contrast, the strongest significant relationship was observed for the shuffle task, which had the second highest average frontal plane knee moment and a relatively large prevalence of average knee valgus moments (69% of participants) (Figure 2, Figure 5). It appears that the FPPA may be a stronger predictor of frontal plane knee kinetics when a knee valgus moment is present, with the strength of the predictability contingent on the observed frequency and magnitude of knee valgus moments. This is logical as the FPPA is indicative of inward collapse of the knee and therefore would be expected to be indicative of the variables that would be related to a knee valgus moment (i.e., medial positioning of the knee joint center, etc.).

Previous studies have reported that the FPPA is an inconsistent predictor of frontal plane knee kinematics1,5,9–15 and that the general agreement between 2D and 3D frontal plane knee angles is poor.16 Based on the current study and the work of previous authors who have evaluated the ability of the FPPA to predict frontal plane knee moments,12,14 it appears that the FPPA may be a better indicator of knee kinetics as opposed to knee kinematics. It is possible that the clinical utility of the FPPA as a predictor of injury8,26 or the ability of the FPPA to differentiate between healthy and clinical populations5–7 may lie in the fact that this measure is a predictor of frontal plane knee moments. An argument could be made that the frontal plane knee moment is more suggestive of knee loading as opposed to frontal plane knee motion.

Regarding clinical application, the current results suggest that obtaining measures of the FPPA from hand-held mobile devices (i.e.., phones, tablets, etc.) may be of value. However, it is important to note that the 2D video data obtained in the current study were captured from a fixed camera that was aligned perpendicular to the force plate. As with all measurements obtained from 2D video, there is potential for parallax error owing to the camera being positioned at an angle to the patient. Such error would influence the measurement of the FPPA and the ability to infer frontal plane knee moments as described in the current study.

There are several limitations within the current study that warrant discussion. First, these data were obtained from healthy individuals. As such, our results may not be applicable to those with specific knee conditions (i.e., patellofemoral pain, ACL injury, etc.). Second, only the deceleration or lowering phase of each task was considered in our moment analysis. Therefore, our results may not apply to the acceleration phase of the tasks evaluated. Third, the current study was cross-sectional in nature. The current results cannot be interpreted to suggest that increased FPPA angles are predictive of knee injury. Lastly, for all regression models, only a single predictor (FPPA) was examined. The R2 values reported could be improved by including other 2D measurements such as frontal plane motion at the hip, pelvis, or trunk.27

Conclusion

In summary, the results of the current study suggest that the FPPA is a predictor of frontal plane knee loading during landing and change in direction tasks, specifically when the frontal plane knee moment is calculated as the average moment or the moment at peak knee flexion. For all significant models, an increased FPPA (indicative of medial knee collapse) predicted increased knee valgus moments (or decreased knee varus moments) during landing and change of direction tasks (but not stepping). However, the ability of the FPPA to predict frontal plane knee kinetics appears to be task dependent, with the strength of the prediction improved with increased frequency and magnitude of observed knee valgus moments. In addition, the strength of the prediction was weak to moderate, highlighting that the validity of the FPPA as a predictor of frontal plane knee moments during landing and change of direction tasks is limited.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
==== Refs
Evaluation of a two dimensional analysis method as a screening and evaluation tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury British Journal of Sports Medicine McLean S G Walker K Ford K R Myer G D Hewett T E van den Bogert A J 1 6 2005
39 6 355 362 0306-3674 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018598 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018598 15911607
Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Willson JOHN D. Ireland MARY LLOYD Davis IRENE 5 2006
38 5 945 952 0195-9131 10.1249/01.mss.0000218140.05074.fa 10.1249/01.mss.0000218140.05074.fa 16672849
Drop jump? Single-leg squat? Not if you Aim to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury from real-time clinical assessment: A prospective cohort study involving 880 elite female athletes Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Petushek Erich Nilstad Agnethe Bahr Roald Krosshaug Tron 7 2021
51 7 372 378 0190-6011 10.2519/jospt.2021.10170 10.2519/jospt.2021.10170 34192883
Kiss goodbye to the ‘kissing knees’: no association between frontal plane inward knee motion and risk of future non-contact ACL injury in elite female athletes Sports Biomechanics Nilstad Agnethe Petushek Erich Mok Kam-Ming Bahr Roald Krosshaug Tron 28 4 2021
1 15 1476-3141 10.1080/14763141.2021.1903541 10.1080/14763141.2021.1903541
Utility of the frontal plane projection angle in females with patellofemoral pain Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Willson John D. Davis Irene S. 10 2008
38 10 606 615 0190-6011 10.2519/jospt.2008.2706 10.2519/jospt.2008.2706
Knee valgus angle during single leg squat and landing in patellofemoral pain patients and controls The Knee Herrington Lee 3 2014
21 2 514 517 0968-0160 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.011 10.1016/j.knee.2013.11.011 24380805
Two-dimensional frontal plane projection angle can identify subgroups of patellofemoral pain patients who demonstrate dynamic knee valgus Clinical Biomechanics Gwynne Craig R. Curran Sarah A. 10 2018
58 44 48 0268-0033 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.021 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.06.021
Association between frontal plane knee control and lower extremity injuries: a prospective study on young team sport athletes BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine Räisänen Anu M Pasanen Kati Krosshaug Tron Vasankari Tommi Kannus Pekka Heinonen Ari Kujala Urho M Avela Janne Perttunen Jarmo Parkkari Jari 1 2018
4 1 e000311 2055-7647 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000311 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000311 29387448
A dynamic valgus index that combines hip and knee angles: Assessment of utility in females with patellofemoral pain Int J Sports Phys Ther Scholtes S. A. Salsich G. B. 2017
12 3 333 340 28593087
Validity and reliability of 2-dimensional trunk, hip, and knee frontal plane kinematics during single-leg squat, drop jump, and single-leg hop in females with patellofemoral pain Physical Therapy in Sport Kingston Brianna Murray Amanda Norte Grant E. Glaviano Neal R. 9 2020
45 181 187 1466-853X 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.07.006 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.07.006 32823213
Two-dimensional video analysis is comparable to 3d motion capture in lower extremity movement assessment Int J Sports Phys Ther Schurr S. A. Marshall A. N. Resch J. E. Saliba S. A. 2017
12 2 163 172 28515970
The reliability and criterion validity of 2D video assessment of single leg squat and hop landing Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology Herrington Lee Alenezi Faisal Alzhrani Msaad Alrayani Hasan Jones Richard 6 2017
34 80 85 1050-6411 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.04.004 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.04.004 28437781
Concurrent validity of two-dimensional video analysis of lower-extremity frontal plane of movement during multidirectional single-leg landing Physical Therapy in Sport Alahmari Ahmed Herrington Lee Jones Richard 3 2020
42 40 45 1466-853X 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.009 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.009 31887552
Comparison of 2-dimensional measurement techniques for predicting knee angle and moment during a drop vertical jump Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine Mizner Ryan L. Chmielewski Terese L. Toepke John J. Tofte Kari B. 5 2012
22 3 221 227 1050-642X 10.1097/jsm.0b013e31823a46ce 10.1097/jsm.0b013e31823a46ce 22544058
Validity and intrarater reliability of 2-dimensional motion analysis using a handheld tablet compared to traditional 3-dimensional motion analysis Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Belyea Barbara C. Lewis Ethan Gabor Zachary Jackson Jill King Deborah L. 1 11 2015
24 4 1056-6716 10.1123/jsr.2014-0194 10.1123/jsr.2014-0194
Reliability and validity of frontal plane kinematics of the trunk and lower extremity measured With 2-dimensional cameras during athletic tasks: A systematic review with meta-analysis Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Lopes Thiago Jambo Alves Ferrari Deisi Ioannidis Joshua Simic Milena Mícolis de Azevedo Fábio Pappas Evangelos 10 2018
48 10 812 822 0190-6011 10.2519/jospt.2018.8006 10.2519/jospt.2018.8006
The association between visual assessment of quality of movement and three-dimensional analysis of pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics during a lateral step down test Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Rabin Alon Portnoy Sigal Kozol Zvi 11 2016
30 11 3204 3211 1064-8011 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001420 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001420
Validity and inter-rater reliability of medio-lateral knee motion observed during a single-limb mini squat BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Ageberg Eva Bennell Kim L Hunt Michael A Simic Milena Roos Ewa M Creaby Mark W 16 11 2010
11 1 265 1471-2474 10.1186/1471-2474-11-265 10.1186/1471-2474-11-265 21080945
Pivot task increases knee frontal plane loading compared with sidestep and drop-jump Journal of Sports Sciences Cortes Nelson Onate James Van Lunen Bonnie 1 2011
29 1 83 92 0264-0414 10.1080/02640414.2010.523087 10.1080/02640414.2010.523087 21086213
Estimation of vertical ground reaction force parameters during athletic tasks using 2D video Gait & Posture Straub Rachel K. Horgan Alex Powers Christopher M. 10 2021
90 483 488 0966-6362 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.175 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.175
Clinical estimation of the use of the hip and knee extensors during athletic movements using 2D video Journal of Applied Biomechanics Straub Rachel K. Horgan Alex Powers Christopher M. 1 10 2021
37 5 458 462 1065-8483 10.1123/jab.2021-0055 10.1123/jab.2021-0055
Utility of 2D video analysis for assessing frontal plane trunk and pelvis motion during stepping, landing, and change in direction tasks: A validity study International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy Straub Rachel K Powers Christopher M 1 2 2022
17 2 139 147 2159-2896 10.26603/001c.30994 10.26603/001c.30994 35136682
The effects of filter cutoff frequency on musculoskeletal simulations of high-impact movements Journal of Applied Biomechanics Tomescu Stefan Sebastian Bakker Ryan Beach Tyson A.C. Chandrashekar Naveen 1 8 2018
34 4 336 341 1065-8483 10.1123/jab.2017-0145 10.1123/jab.2017-0145
Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research Malawi Med J Mukaka M. M. 2012
24 3 69 71 23638278
Differences in lower extremity and trunk kinematics between single leg squat and step down tasks PLoS One Lewis Cara L. Foch Eric Luko Marc M. Loverro Kari L. Khuu Anne 8 5 2015
10 5 e0126258 1932-6203 10.1371/journal.pone.0126258 10.1371/journal.pone.0126258 25955321
Can two-dimensional video analysis during single-leg drop vertical jumps help identify non-contact knee injury risk? A one-year prospective study Clinical Biomechanics Dingenen Bart Malfait Bart Nijs Stefaan Peers Koen H.E. Vereecken Styn Verschueren Sabine M.P. Staes Filip F. 10 2015
30 8 781 787 0268-0033 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.013 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.06.013
A reliable video-based ACL Injury screening tool for female team sport athletes International Journal of Sports Medicine Weir Gillian Alderson Jacqueline Smailes Natalie Elliott Bruce Donnelly Cyril 10 1 2019
40 3 191 199 0172-4622 10.1055/a-0756-9659 10.1055/a-0756-9659
