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Heliyon
Heliyon
Heliyon
2405-8440
Elsevier

S2405-8440(24)12420-6
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36389
e36389
Research Article
Multispectral imaging in medicine: A bibliometric study
Lin Zexu abcef1
Hu Xiheng aghd1
Liu Yuancheng abcde
Lai Sicen abcef
Hao Lingjia abcef
Peng Yihao abcef
Li Yixin abcde
Zhu Zirui abcef
Huang Xing abcde
Huang Kai kaiserhuang@csu.edu.cn
abcde⁎⁎
Zhang Mi 648979182@qq.com
abcde⁎
a Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
b Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
c Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
d National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
e National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, 410008, Hunan, China
f XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, 410013, China
g Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
h Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
⁎ Corresponding author. Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China. 648979182@qq.com
⁎⁎ Corresponding author. National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology 410008, Hunan, China. kaiserhuang@csu.edu.cn
1 these authors contributed equally to this work.

15 8 2024
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10 16 e3638912 9 2023
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© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2024

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Multispectral Imaging has been used in many fields. In the medical field, Multispectral Imaging is still in its infancy. However, due to its excellent potential, it will also become one of the most important medical imaging in the future. This paper is the first bibliometric study in this field. The study comprehensively searched all relevant documents in Web of Science Core Collection from Jan 1, 1999 to Dec 31, 2022, systematically sorted out the author, journal, country and institution in this field, and analyzed the keywords. Based on this, the study suggests that researchers and healthcare workers should strengthen cooperation to apply Multispectral Imaging to more medical fields while further developing related technologies. At the same time, in the future, this field should focus on non-ex vivo tissue detection and the combination of Multispectral Imaging and artificial intelligence.

Highlights

• The paper is the first bibliometric study on the use of Multispectral Imaging in medicine.

• The paper gives detailed and objective examples of the advantages and disadvantages of this field.

• The paper puts forward suggestions to point out the direction for researchers.

Keywords

Multispectral imaging
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography
Photodynamic therapy
Artificial intelligence
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pmc1 Introduction

Substances have different absorption and reflectivity for different wavelengths of the spectrum. Therefore, the spectrum reflected by the substance carries information about its own properties. This facilitates the identification and detection of targets [1,2]. Multispectral Imaging (MSI) is a kind of imaging technology that can obtain multi-band image items of target information. Compared with monochromatic images and color images, MSI obtains more information [3]. A multispectral camera contains multiple imaging units. Images of one band were acquired for each imaging unit. After registration of images in different bands by the registration algorithm, a multispectral image of the target is obtained [4]. It can be used in agriculture, forestry, hydrology, etc [[5], [6], [7]]. For example, S. Candiago et al. used the fact that reflectance is low in both the blue and red regions of the spectrum, while there is a peak in the green region, the Vegetation Indices (VI) are calculated to evaluate Precision Farming Applications [8]. J. W. Qin et al. used MSI to detect food quality according to the different reflectance of abnormal parts on the surface of food to different wavelengths of light [9]. Such properties make MSI promising for medical applications.

In medical fields, MSI has been used to make a diagnosis and assisted in treatment and prevention. In diagnosis, M. Viscaino et al. used MSI to analyze colors of the auditory meatus with computer assistance to judge the results of middle and outer ear diseases [10]. And in the field of treatment, Neil T. Clancy et al. took MSI of the tissue to analyze its color and obtain the oxygen saturation (SO2) of the tissue to judge whether the tissue was ischemic and then evaluate the intraoperative colon perfusion [11]. In terms of prevention, Q. S. Wu et al. used MSI to record spectral and spatial information of samples to monitor early cervical cancer [12]. MSI uses one device to obtain multiple band information of the lesion site, and does not require image registration. The saliency of images in different bands varies for different tissues, enhancing the contrast between tissues. This highlights the huge potential of the use of MSI as adjuvant therapy. Therefore, the use of MSI as adjuvant therapy has become a hot topic.

Bibliometric Analysis, as a way of mapping the established publication record, has become one of the most prominent methods for assessing and predicting research trends on specific topics [13]. To summarize the current status of application of MSI in medicine, analyze its potential and future development direction, the study counted and analyzed 550 documents from Web of Science core database. This study is the first bibliometric study in this field, and it is hoped that the study can promote the future development of MSI in medicine.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Data source and retrieval strategies

The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched from Jan 1, 1999 to Dec 31, 2022. There were no restrictions on document type, data category, or Journal. The study only restricts the language to English. The impact factor (IF) was derived from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2021. The study selection and flow chart of the research framework are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Documents' selection and flow chart of research framework. The search strategy is shown in Appendice A.

Fig. 1

2.2 Bibliometric indicators and visualization

Bibliometrix of R (version 4.2.1) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) were used to analyze the document types, years, authors, countries, institutions, journal sources, keywords and references to form social network maps. Data aggregation and analysis were conducted in Endnote20, and related figures were drawn with R and Scimago Graphica. Specifically, the number of records from China contained those from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao. The main method used for the analysis of co-occurrence is social network analysis (SNA). In bibliometrics, this method can reflect the research hotspot and trends of MSI in medicine and has the function of multidimensional information display. Furthermore, we performed cluster analysis using VOSviewer to generate social network maps. Social network maps indicate importance with the size of a node and the thickness of a line. Thus, trends in MSI in medicine could be visualized using the resulting co-word network.

3 Results

3.1 Paper type and quantity

A total of 2912 documents were retrieved and 550 were retained after manual screening. These documents are divided into 8 types (Fig. 2a). The main type of paper was article (375, 68.18 %), followed by proceeding paper (154, 28.00 %), review (18, 3.27 %) and others (19, 3.45 %).Fig. 2 Overall situation of the documents. (a) Documents' type percentage. (b) Number of documents for per year.

Fig. 2

The amount of documents on MSI in the medical field is small, and the growth is steady and slow. According to the search results of WOS, the earliest documents on the application of MSI was published in 1968, and the earliest documents on the application of MSI in medicine was published in 1978. However, by the end of last century, there were very few documents on the application of MSI in medicine every year, and the documents in this field gradually increased until the beginning of this century. The number of documents published after 2015 accounted for more than half of all statistics. More than 50 documents were published in 2020. From 2011 to 2022, the average number of documents published increased by 1.63 per year (Fig. 2b).

3.2 Active authors and journals

A total of 2704 authors were included in the statistics. Of the ten most prolific authors, four are from Germany, four from Italy, one from the United States and one from Switzerland. The top three authors with the largest number of document are Vasilis Ntziachristos (34, 6.18 %), Daniel Razansky (16, 2.91 %) and Jing Claussen (12, 2.18 %). Of the ten most cited authors, nine are from Germany and one is from Italy. The top three authors with the largest number of local citation are Vasilis Ntziachristos (92), Jing Claussen (60) and Ferdinand Knieling (37). Four German authors appear on both sides of the table (Table 1).Table 1 The top 10 authors and local citations authors.

Table 1Author	Country	Articles	Author	Country	Local Citations	
V. NTZIACHRISTOS	Germany	34	V. NTZIACHRISTOS	Germany	92	
D. RAZANSKY	Switzerland	16	J. CLAUSSEN	Germany	60	
J. CLAUSSEN	Germany	12	F. KNIELING	Germany	37	
A. KARLAS	Germany	11	M. F. NEURATH	Germany	37	
F. S. PAVONE	Italy	10	M. J. WALDNER	Italy	37	
R. CICCHI	Italy	9	M. MASTHOFF	Germany	34	
T. LOTTI	Italy	9	M. WILDGRUBER	Germany	34	
H. B. JIANG	America	8	M. EISENBLATTER	Germany	32	
F. KINELING	Germany	8	A. KARLAS	Germany	31	
D. MASSI	Italy	8	S. MORSCHER	Germany	28	

The h_index of the top 10 authors was all above 6, m_index was mostly above 0.6, g_index was mostly above 10 and below 20. Taking the three indices together, the top three authors were Vasilis Ntziachristos, Daniel Razansky and Jing Claussen (Fig. 3a). These three authors have maintained a high number of publications and citations in this field since 2010 (Fig. 3b).Fig. 3 Status of publications by author and journal. (a) The relationships between the top 10 productive authors' g_index and their h_index and m_index. (b) The top 10 authors' production over time. (c) Top 10 journals with the most published articles. (Explained: (c) the size of the bubble shows the number of articles, the shades of colour shows the total citations per year).

Fig. 3

The top 10 journals were selected according to the number of documents published. Of the top 10 prolific journals, four are from the United States, one each from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The top three journals are Journal of Biomedical Optics (29, 5.27 %), Biomedical Optics Express (21, 3.81 %) and Journal of Biomedical (12, 2.18 %). The Journal of Nuclear Medicine had the highest IF despite only six documents. Of the top 10 most cited journals, nine are from the United States and the remaining one from the United Kingdom. The top three journals are Journal of Biomedical Optics (740), IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging (270), Biomedical Optics Express (253). The IF of two journals IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America exceeded 10 (Table 2).Table 2 The top 10 journals and local cited journals.

Table 2Rank	Sources	Articles	Country	IF(2021)	Local Cited Sources	Articles	Country	IF(2021)	
1	JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS	29	America	3.7579	JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS	740	America	3.7579	
2	BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS	21	America	3.5619	IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING	272	America	11.0374	
3	JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS	12	Germany	3.3899	OPTICS EXPRESS	270	America	3.8330	
4	SCIENTIFIC REPORTS	10	United Kingdom	4.9958	BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS	253	America	3.5619	
5	PHOTOACOUSTICS	10	Netherlands	9.6554	OPTICS LETTERS	243	America	3.5599	
6	MEDICAL PHYSICS	9	America	4.5060	NEUROIMAGE	194	America	1.9048	
7	MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE	7	America	3.7369	APPLIED OPTICS	193	America	7.4001	
8	JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE	6	America	11.0821	PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY	180	United Kingdom	4.1741	
9	MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING	6	America	3.1301	PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA	172	America	12.7784	
10	SENSORS	6	Switzerland	3.8470	PROC.THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING	163	America		

Of the top 10 prolific journals, in the first 10 years (1999–2009), Magnetic Resonance Imaging led the way. Beginning in 2009, Journal of Biomedical Optics saw a rapid increase in the number of papers, and a year later (2010) it surpassed Magnetic Resonance Imaging and maintained a commanding lead thereafter. Biomedical Optics Express has also grown rapidly since 2012 and now ranks second. Journal of Biomedical also had a rapid increase in 2015 and now ranks third (Fig. 3c).

Taking all the documents as a whole, the most frequently cited article is the Molecular Imaging by Means of Multispectral Photoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) by Ntziachristos Vasilis et al. Of the 550 documents included in the statistics, this article was cited 33 times. The second was Optical Properties of Biological Tissues published: a Review by Jacques SL et al.(26). Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography for Assessment of Crohn's Disease Activity and Advances in Real-time Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging and its Applications tied for third (21) (Table 3).Table 3 The top 10 local cited references.

Table 3Title	Authors	DOI	Citations	
Molecular Imaging by Means of Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT)	V. NTZIACHRISTOS et al.	10.1021/CR9002566	33	
Optical Properties of Biological Tissues: a Review	S. L. JACQUES et al.	10.1088/0031–9155/58/11/R37	26	
Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography for Assessment of Crohn's Disease Activity	F. KNIELING et al.	10.1056/NEJMC1612455	21	
Advances in Real-time Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging and its Applications	A. TARUTTIS et al.	10.1038/NPHOTON.2015.29	21	
Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs	L. V. WANG et al.	10.1126/SCIENCE.1216210	18	
Multispectral Opto-acoustic Tomography of Deep-seated Fluorescent Proteins in vivo	D. RAZANSKY et al.	10.1038/NPHOTON.2009.98	17	
Unmixing Molecular Agents From Absorbing Tissue in Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography	S. TZOUMAS et al.	10.1109/TMI.2013.2279994	17	
Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) of Human Breast Cancer	G. DIOT et al.	10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3200	16	
Real-time Handheld Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging	A. BUEHLER et al.	10.1364/OL.38.001404	15	
Medical Hyperspectral Imaging: a Review	G. L. LU et al.	10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.010901	15	

3.3 Active countries and institutions

45 countries were included in the statistics. The top three countries with the largest number of documents were the United States (152, 27.64 %), Germany (67, 12.18 %) and China (57, 10.36 %). China is the only developing country in the top 10. From the perspective of cooperation, the United States had the highest weight of total link strength (Fig. 4a). The cooperation of these countries is pretty close, especially between the United States and Germany (Fig. 4b).Fig. 4 Status of publications by countries and institutions. (a) The top 10 countries with the most published documents. (b) Map of national partnerships. (c) The top 10 institutions with the most published documents. (d) Map of institutional partnerships.

Fig. 4

A total of 825 institutions worldwide contributed to this field. The Technical University of Munich ranked first with 33 papers (6.00 %). The second was Helmholtz Center Munich (18, 3.27 %), followed by University College London (15, 2.73 %) (Fig. 4c). A close collaborative relationship was identified between the institutions, and some of institutions with the closest cooperation come from Germany and its surrounding countries (Fig. 4d).

3.4 Co-occurrence keywords and burst keywords analysis

101 keywords totally related to application of MSI in medicine were summarized and statistically analyzed. The research of red cluster focuses on the problems related to multispectral acousto-optical imaging. The blue cluster focuses on blood vessels and oxygen saturation. The purple cluster focused on nervous system disease. The cyan cluster mainly studies photodynamic therapy. The yellow cluster studies the application of multispectroscopy in the treatment of skin diseases, such as the diagnosis of melanoma and skin cancer. The green areas are problems related to MSI technology (Fig. 5a).Fig. 5 The main keywords and research heat. (a) The network visualization map of co-occurrence keywords. The colors represent different clusters. (b) The overlay network visualization map of co-occurrence keywords for MSI research. (c) The density visualization map of co-occurrence keywords for MSI research. (d)The keywords with the strongest citation bursts. (Explained:(a) the colors represent different clusters. (b) the colors represent the time when the word appeared. (c) the density visualization results based on keywords and hot spot intensity, where warm colors represent hot areas and cool colors represent cold areas. (d) the brightening of the colour indicates the maturity of the keywords over time).

Fig. 5

Yellow and green clusters accounted for the majority of keywords before 2012. From 2012 to 2018, some important keywords of each cluster appeared in this period. After 2018, keywords were mainly concentrated in the red and blue clusters, with a small amount in the cyan cluster (Fig. 5b).

Multispectral imaging was excluded. In the red cluster, the hottest keywords were tomography, ultrasound and in-vivo. In the blue cluster, spectroscopy and optical imaging received the highest attention. And in the yellow cluster, the two keywords that received the most attention were fluorescence and diagnosis. Expression received the most attention in the cyan cluster. In the green cluster, lesions, classifcation, sementation, MRI and quantification have attracted considerable attention. While for the purple cluster, Alzheimers-disease and brain are the most concerned (Fig. 5c).

Tissue segmentation technology was the first to mature (2000), and finally fully mature in 2017. This is also one of the most fundamental approaches to MSI in medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance is also a technique closely related to MSI. MRI began to mature in 2002. Subsequently, from 2002 to 2005, keywords such as Rheumatoid arthritis and Image analysis began to mature. Fluorescence technology, another very important technology of MSI, has gradually matured since 2009. From 2006 to 2015, most keywords began to mature. From 2016 to 2022, keywords such as blood oxygen saturation, colonoscopy, photosound, hypoxia, and machine learning predicted the latest research direction of MSI in the medical field (Fig. 5d).

4 Discussion

4.1 Analysis and characteristics of authors and journals, countries and institutions

Although many authors have contributed to the use of MSI in medicine, not many have been highly productive. Only a small number of researchers have consistently focused on this area. There is a similar imbalance in related journals, with only a few of many journals having high collection numbers. These indicate that the current global attention to the application of MSI in medicine is not high. The reasons for this may include: 1. MSI has been used in medicine for a short time and has not been paid attention to by researchers. 2. The technologies of MSI are still not mature enough to be applied flexibly in medicine. 3. The lack of understanding of MSI among medical staff leads to difficulties in its application in medicine.

Developed countries are dominant in this field, which is related to the level of technology industry. The United States has world-class scientific and technological level, researchers and research institutions, so its publications far exceed those of other countries. Germany has ranked first in the optical industry, researchers and research institutions. As a result, whether it is among the top ten authors, or journals and research institutions, Germany's record is remarkable. Similarly in terms of collaborative relationships, communication between developed countries and their affiliated institutions is frequent, especially from several research institutions in Germany and the United States. The reasons are the same as mentioned above.

4.2 Analysis and characteristics of keywords

In the fields related to MSI technology, some technologies have been relatively mature, such as “segmentation”, “classification” and “image registration” (the words marked by quotation marks in this part appear in Fig. 5). That doesn't mean all technology of MSI is perfect. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is emphasized here. Among the documents included in the statistics, the most were related to the combination of MRI and MSI. In these documents, the most widely used field of the combination of MRI and MSI was central nervous system diseases. These include “brain” tumors, multiple sclerosis and “Alzheimer's disease”, etc. [[14], [15], [16]]. In addition, this technology has also been applied in the treatment of other kinds of diseases, such as prostate cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, etc. [17,18].

In the clinical field, “Photoacoustic imaging” is a very important technology in the research of the past five years. In the process of statistics, this technology first appeared in 2010. At present, it is applied to the detection of tissue structures in vivo, such as endocrine, heart, tumor and blood vessels [[19], [20], [21], [22]]. Closely related to this technique is “tomography”. Usually, the combination of the two is called “Multispectral optoacoustic tomography” (MSOT) with the use of contrast agents. Optoacoustic imaging is based upon a light-in and sound-out approach through which absorption of near-infrared light (NIR) within biological tissues generates ultrasonic waves with much less scattering, longer range of detection, and higher accuracy compared with traditional optical imaging [23]. It is not restricted by many of the limitations of the imaging used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and now has been adapted for clinical uses [24].

Blood and vessels have also attracted a lot of attention in recent years. At present, MSI is mainly related to blood “oxygen saturation”. Researchers used MSI to quantify chromophore concentrations (oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin) to obtain regional oxygen saturation in the brain, finger joints, and other parts of the body. It is used to detect related diseases or to reflect the metabolism of local lesions [25,26]. Furthermore, MSOT measurements did not require special subject and equipment preparation. Therefore, it can be incorporated into routine testing [27]. In addition, MSI can also detect the distribution of blood vessels and hemodynamic changes [22,28].

In addition to the two segments mentioned above, photodynamic therapy is also a newer segment of the field. At present, researchers have made some progress in the “delivery” and “expression” of contrast agents [29,30], but the research results in this part are still relatively few. However, photodynamic therapy is a hot spot in current targeted therapy, so it has great potential research space.

In contrast to the aforementioned fields, skin diseases are a relatively mature field for the application of MSI in medicine. In fact, it is used in various epithelial tissue diseases, such as “cervical cancer”. It is mainly used in the diagnosis of diseases. Associated with this are “fluorescence” labeling techniques. This technique mainly combines fluorescent agents with tissues with specific properties, such as PH, to obtain clear images [31]. Compared with traditional invasive detection, it is often non-invasive, relatively simple, analytical sensitive, cost-effective and fast [[32], [33], [34]].

The application of MSI to the detection of neurological diseases is unexpected. Actually, this part of the research is relatively old, especially for “Alzheimer's disease”. In statistics, the keyword “Alzheimer's disease” first appeared in 2008. There are many diagnostic methods, but the purpose is similar, that is, to analyze the structural and functional changes of the brain [16,35].

Based on the analysis of keyword popularity in results, we found that with the development of Artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years, its combination with multispectral is one of the hottest fields in the past decade. In our statistics, the keyword "machine learning" first appeared in 2015, and since then, its popularity has grown rapidly. First of all, as one of the most important technologies in the world, the importance of AI is beyond doubt. Secondly, in the clinical use of MSI, both the basic techniques such as image segmentation and the processing of images in specific applications require the support of powerful algorithms. Especially after the gradual application of surgical robots in the clinic, MSI must be adapted to various types of surgical environments if it is to be further applied by medical workers. The addition of AI can solve these problems. For example, researchers built models of MSI to train computers to accurately label and classify burned tissue [36]. The addition of AI makes the use of MSI accurate and efficient for disease analysis. Therefore, AI will undoubtedly become one of the most important technologies in this field in the future. Researchers should focus on the combination of MSI and AI. Through AI, doctors can more accurately fit the key information reflected in MSI, so as to make the medical process more concise and efficient.

In addition, in order to ensure the accuracy and preciseness of the research statistics and analysis, we also conducted the same screening and analysis of the articles from January 1, 2023, to July 1, 2024, and obtained the conclusion in line with the expected trend. This further validates our previous analysis.

4.3 Limitations of this study

This study also has certain limitations. This study selected the WoSCC, limited to English literature, and did not select additional other databases as a supplement, so the data obtained have certain limitations. In addition, errors are inevitable due to manual screening of documents in this study. In technical aspects, the equipment type of MSI used by the included studies and the selected band were not counted and analyzed.

5 Conclusion

MSI in medicine is still in its infancy. It has huge scope for researchers to explore. The current research fields mainly focus on multispectral acousto-optic detection and blood oxygen saturation detection. In the future, this field will develop towards the direction of non-ex vivo tissue detection. In addition, there is great potential in the combination of MSI with photodynamic therapy. At the same time, with the development of AI, the combination of MSI and AI will become a hot spot.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Funding

The study has received funding from 10.13039/501100013254 National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (No.XCX2022298 ) and 10.13039/501100002822 Postgraduate scientific research innovation project of Central South University (independent exploration) (No. 1053320221156 ).

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zexu Lin: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis. Xiheng Hu: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation. Yuancheng Liu: Formal analysis, Methodology. Sicen Lai: Methodology, Formal analysis. Lingjia Hao: Methodology, Formal analysis. Yihao Peng: Methodology, Formal analysis. Yixin Li: Methodology, Data curation. Zirui Zhu: Methodology, Data curation. Xing Huang: Methodology, Data curation. Kai Huang: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Project administration. Mi Zhang: Writing – review & editing, Resources, Project administration.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Appendix A Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article:Multimedia component 1

Multimedia component 1

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to the Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, for providing the necessary infrastructure to carry out this work successfully.

Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36389.
==== Refs
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