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Int J Prev Med
Int J Prev Med
IJPVM
Int J Prev Med
International Journal of Preventive Medicine
2008-7802
2008-8213
Wolters Kluwer - Medknow India

IJPVM-15-29
10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_27_23
Letter to Editor
The Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors and their Population Attributable Risks in Yazd City, Iran: A Letter-to-Editor
Zardosht Kousar
Namayandeh Seyedeh M. 1
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Research Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
1 Department of Epidemiologist, Research Center of Statistical Modeling of Healthcare Data, Health Faculty, Yazd, Iran
Address for correspondence: Dr. Seyedeh M. Namayandeh, School of Public Health, Yazd, Iran. E-mail: Drnamayandeh@gmail.com
2024
06 8 2024
15 2931 1 2023
14 2 2023
Copyright: © 2024 International Journal of Preventive Medicine
2024
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
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pmc Sir,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that is characterized by an irreversible renal dysfunction and consequent dialysis or kidney transplant.[1] In 1990, CKD ranked as the 27th cause of death and reached the 13th by 2010.[2] Also, CKD imposes significant burden and costs on patients and health delivery systems.[1]

The disease has a different prevalence in different regions of the world as well as in different ethnic and racial groups. In Iran, about 16.6 of adults living in urban areas suffer from CKD.[3]

Risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), smoking, obesity, aging, and family history of kidney disease are also perceived as the main risk factors for CKD.[4] In this regard, population attributed risk (PAR), as a health-related index, is known to be utilized by health policy makers to determine health priorities and promote public health. The PAR formula is presented below:

AFpop: Population attributable fraction

%ARpop: Population attributable risk percent

Pe: Prevalence of exposure in population

OR: Odds ratio

Based on a population-based study in Yazd city, Iran, abnormal WHR (waist-to-hip ratio), overweight, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, history of smoking, and history of heart disease were recognized as the main risk factors for CKD, respectively.[2] The above-mentioned risk factors could be attributed to the growing number of elderly individuals and unhealthy life style among populations.

Accordingly, the risk of CKD in individuals having diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients was reported as 14.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Also people with hypertension had a higher chance of developing CKD compared with those without hypertension (11.8% vs. 3.3%).[2]

The prevalence of CKD risk factors and their PAR in Yazd city as well as the number of individuals who might be affected by the above-mentioned risk factors based on a population-based census conducted in 2016 (aged 20–69)[5] are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 The prevalence of CKD risk factors and their population attributable risks in Yazd city

Risk factors	Number of people	Prevalence (%)	OR (95% CI)	AFpop or % ARpop (%)	Estimated CKD	
Abnormal WHR	287,875.45	74.5	2.26 (1.55-3.29)	48.4	319.44	
Overweight	150,699.9	39	2.02 (1.37-2.97)	28.45	187.77	
Hypertension	150,313.49	38.9	3.97 (2.3-5.27)	53.6	353.76	
Obese	115,923	30	3 (2.05-4.40)	37.5	247.5	
Diabetes	77,668.41	20.1	3.41 (2.61-4.46)	32.63	215.358	
History of smoking	39,413.82	10.2	1.28 (.86-1.93)	2.77	18.282	
History of CVD/stroke	28,207.93	7.3	3.89 (2.77-5.46)	17.4	114.84	

The present letter estimated the PAR of different risk factors of the CKD and thereby suggested the most important health policy priorities for CKD primary prevention at the population level in Yazd province. With respect to %16.6 prevalence of CKD in Iran, and hypothetically speaking, control of a prevalent risk factor such as hypertension might prevent 1,456.95 potential CKD cases in Yazd province. This interpretation could be applied to other risk factors mentioned in Table 1. Moreover the highest PAR and number of people with CKD belonged to the hypertension risk factor. Therefore, it appears important that policymakers prioritize aforementioned risk factors and take preventive measures into consideration for better control of the CKD.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.
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2 Mirzaei M Nourimajalan N Morovati H Askarishahi M Hemayati R Prevalence and predisposing factors of chronic kidney disease in Yazd city;A population-based study J Renal Inj Prev 2021 11 e1
3 Bakhshayeshkaram M Roozbeh J Heydari ST Honarvar B Dabbaghmanesh MH Ghoreyshi M A population-based study on the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the adult population of Shiraz, Southern Iran Galen Med J 2019 8 e935 doi:10.31661/gmj.v0i0.935 34466454
4 Umebayashi R Uchida HA Matsuoka-Uchiyama N Sugiyama H Wada J Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and variation of its risk factors by the regions in Okayama prefecture J Pers Med 2022 12 97 doi:10.3390/jpm12010097 35055412
5 Statistical Center of Iran Available from: https://amar.org.ir/
