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urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
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10.3897/zookeys.1211.123574
123574
Checklist
Erebidae
Agriculture and Forestry
Americas
Asia
Europe
World
﻿A checklist of the predators and parasitoids of the fall webworm Hyphantriacunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from around the world
Cao Liang Ming caolm1206@126.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-6719
12Writing - original draft Writing - review and editing Methodology
Wang Xiao Yi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-6642
1Writing - review and editing Funding acquisition
Petrice Toby R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-577X
2Writing - review and editing Resources
Poland Therese M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7684-1306
2Writing - review and editing Methodology
1 Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
2 Northern Research Station, FS, USDA, 2601 Coolidge Rd, Ste 203, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA Northern Research Station, FS, USDA East Lansing United States of America
Corresponding author: Liang Ming Cao (caolm1206@126.com)
Academic editor: Reza Zahiri

2024
09 9 2024
1211 251348
31CF8660-D8C1-5EFB-B34E-560BFED4311EEF9D7289-4C8B-45BE-8BC0-2446BE33D53802 4 2024
17 6 2024
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.
http://zoobank.org/EF9D7289-4C8B-45BE-8BC0-2446BE33D538
﻿Abstract

A checklist of 488 fall webworm Hyphantriacunea (Drury) natural enemies was compiled based on documentation in previous research across its world distribution, including 289 predators and 199 parasitoids. Predators in the checklist include 67 species from 17 families of Insecta, 1 species of Chilopoda, 183 species from 22 families of Arachnida, 1 species of Reptilia, 4 species from 2 families of Amphibia, 33 species from 18 families of Aves. In addition, the checklist includes fall webworm parasitoids from 18 families of Insecta. Among continents, 128 predators and 76 parasitoids were distributed in North America, 78 predators and 62 parasitoids in Asia, and 88 predators and 68 parasitoids in Europe.

Key words: China
distribution
Europe
floral differences
Natural enemy
North America
Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFD1400300) Citation

Cao LM, Wang XY, Petrice TR, Poland TM (2024) A checklist of the predators and parasitoids of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from around the world. ZooKeys 1211: 251–348. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1211.123574
==== Body
pmc﻿﻿Introduction

The fall webworm, Hyphantriacunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is native to North America, where it is considered to be a secondary pest (Tothill 1922). However, H.cunea has become a primary pest in some regions that it has invaded over the past 80 years (Edosa et al. 2019). During the 1940s, H.cunea invaded Hungary and Japan, and later spread to most European countries, all of East Asia, and parts of central Asia (Trajković and Žikić 2023). In 1979, H.cunea first invaded China where it has become a serious pest and its distribution has expanded annually (Ning et al. 2021).

Although H.cunea does not kill host trees in China, it causes aesthetic damage and is a nuisance pest, invading buildings, vehicles, and other structures during outbreaks (Ning et al. 2021). Also, cultural preferences in China do not tolerate the appearance of massive caterpillar nests in trees, which are much larger than those typically found in North America. It is unclear why H.cunea population levels are much higher in China compared to its native range; however, an important contributing factor may be a lack of natural enemies that have co-evolved with the pest in China. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the composition of H.cunea natural enemies in its native North American range to its invaded ranges in Europe and East Asia.

The research history on natural enemies of H.cunea can be divided into three stages: (1) prior to 1940 when H.cunea was only found in North America (Riley 1887a, b); (2) from 1940 to 1980, when H.cunea invaded Eastern Europe, Japan, and Korea, and natural enemy surveys were conducted in Europe, East Asia, and North America (Hasegawa and Itô 1967; Kayashima 1967; Warren and Tadić 1967; Tamura 1969; Kunimi 1983); and (3) from 1980 to present, after H.cunea invaded China and extensive surveys of natural enemies were conducted. During this most recent stage, numerous Chinese parasitoids and predators that attack H.cunea were documented (Yang et al. 2008, 2015a, b; Li 2011). More recently, surveys of natural enemies have also been conducted in some central Asian countries, such as Turkey and Iran (Sullivan et al. 2010, 2011, 2012; Karami et al. 2023). Our objective was to compile a global checklist of known natural enemies of H.cunea, assemble as much information as possible about these natural enemies, and ultimately build a database for selecting candidates for use in biological control of H.cunea. We reviewed the available H.cunea natural enemy literature across all time periods and assembled a summary of this information in a species checklist.

﻿﻿Materials and methods

﻿Natural enemy literature review

Our summary of H.cunea natural enemies is based on extensive literature searches through December 2023. A systematic literature search of CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/index/), Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/), Google (https://www.google.com), and Biodiversity Heritage Library (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/) was performed with key words, including “fall webworm”, “Hyphantriacunea”, “natural enemy”, “parasitoid”, “predator”. We included all literature related to predators and parasitoids of the fall webworm but did not include publications about pathogenic microorganisms of H.cunea. Overall, we reviewed 99 publications that reported information about natural enemies of H.cunea, from North America, Asia, and Europe.

﻿Natural enemy species information collected

For each publication, we gathered relevant information about the natural enemy species reported. We compiled information into a checklist of predator and parasitoid groups, organized by Latin family name. We also included the Chinese family name. Family names were validated by checking ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System; ITIS 2023). Some species names reported in the earlier literature differed from current valid names. When this occurred, we transcribed the synonym after the citation (e.g., “Oliver 1963 as Matiscarolina”). For each species in this checklist, we summarized the following information: 1) distribution, 2) recorded interactions of predator or prey with H.cunea, 3) prey or host stage attacked, 4) parasitoid type, and 5) notes.

Distribution. The known geographic distribution of a given species, based on the most recent published literature or catalogue website. The level of detail about species distributions varied among publications, with some papers reporting country names (e.g., China, USA), geographical divisions or continents (e.g., North America, Asia), or zoogeographic divisions (e.g., Palearctic, Nearctic).

Recorded interactions of predator or parasitoid with H.cunea. The geographic distribution where each predator and parasitoid species was reported preying upon or parasitizing H.cunea. This information is very important for analyzing the geographical fauna of predators and parasitoids of the fall webworm and demonstrates the species biodiversity of natural enemies among the three major regions (North America, Europe, and East Asia).

Prey stage. The H.cunea developmental stage preyed upon (i.e., egg, larva, pupa, or adult).

Host stage. The developmental stage of H.cunea that is parasitized (i.e., egg, larva, or pupa).

Parasitoid type. Parasitoids were categorized based on location of host-feeding (ectoparasitoids or endoparasitoids); brood production (solitary or gregarious); whether they parasitize hosts directly or indirectly (primary or hyperparasitoids); host specificity (monophagous, oligophagous, or polyphagous); and their impact on their host (idiobiont parasitoids that paralyze their host and koinobiont parasitoids that do not).

Notes. Biological characters of each predator or parasitoid species including any additional information or clarification about the natural enemy species.

﻿﻿Checklist

﻿﻿Part I Predators

﻿Insecta

﻿Mantodea

﻿Mantidae 螳螂科

Stagmomantiscarolina (Johanson, 1763)

Distribution. Trinidad, Venezuela, Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, USA (Soodnarinesingh 2015).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Louisiana (Oliver 1963 as Matiscarolina)].

Prey stage. Larva (Oliver 1963).

Notes. Nymphs feed on small larva and adults feed on large larva (Oliver 1963).

Tenoderasinensis (Saussure, 1871)

Distribution. China, Japan, Micronesia, Thailand, North America, Canada (Patel and Singh 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Beijing (Tao et al. 2008 as Paratenoderaaridifolia)].

﻿﻿Orthoptera

﻿Tettigoniidae 螽斯科

Tettigoniaviridissima (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe and North Africa.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Dermaptera

﻿Forficulidae 球螋科

Forficulaauricularia Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Europe, western Asia, North Africa, North America (Crumb et al. 1941).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Hemiptera

﻿Pentatomidae 蝽科

Apoecilusbracteatus (Fitch, 1865)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Rider and Swanson 2021).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (Morris 1972)].

Prey stage. Larva (Morris 1972).

Armacustos (Fabricius, 1794)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Zhao et al. 2018).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967), Italy (Boriani 1991). China [Shanghe County, Jinan City, Shandong Province (Wang et al. 2012 as A.chinensis)].

Prey stage. Egg (Boriani 1991), larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Notes. Found in 2.33–17.86% of H.cunea webs at surveyed sites in Liaoning Province (Wang et al. 2012).

Euschistusservus (Say, 1832)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (EPPO 2015).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA (Riley 1887b).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Picromerusbidens (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Rider 2006), North America: Canada, USA (Chordas 2015).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Pinthaeussanguinipes (Fabricius, 1781)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Zhao et al. 2013).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Podisusmaculiventris (Say, 1832)

Distribution. Mexico, Bahamas, USA, Canada (De Clercq 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963)], Warren and Tadić (1967) also listed as P.modestus, a synonym of P.maculiventris (Phillips 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Podisusplacidus Uhler, 1870

Distribution. USA, Canada (Phillips 1983).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Podisusserieventris Uhler, 1871

Distribution. USA, Canada (Phillips 1983).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Anthocoridae 花蝽科

Oriusmajusculus (Reuter, 1879)

Distribution. Europe, Canada (Henry 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Nabidae 姬蝽科

Himacerusapterus (Fabricius, 1798)

Distribution. China, Europe, Canada [Nova Scotia (Lartvière 1992)].

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Nabisapterus), China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Egg (Shu and Yu 1985), larva (Warren and Tadić 1967; Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Both nymph and adult consume H.cunea larvae (Shu and Yu 1985).

﻿﻿Reduviidae 猎蝽科

Agriosphodrusdohrni (Signoret, 1862)

Distribution. China, Japan, India, Vietnam.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Beijing, laboratory feeding and testing in 2019].

Prey stage. Larva.

Notes. Both nymph and adult consume H.cunea larvae in the laboratory; mature nymphs can consume 4–7 larvae per day, adults can consume 4–11 larvae per day (unpublished data, LMC).

Ariluscristatus (Linnaeus, 1763)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala (Blatchley 1926).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963), Louisiana (Oliver 1963, 1964)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963).

Notes. Both nymph and adult consume larvae of H.cunea (Tadić 1963; Oliver 1963), attacks second through seventh larval instars (Oliver 1964).

Pselliopuscinctus (Fabricius, 1776)

Distribution. Canada, USA.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963), Louisiana (Oliver 1964)].

Prey stage. Larva (Oliver 1964).

Notes. Attacks second through fifth larval instars (Oliver 1964).

Rhynocorisiracundus (Poda, 1761)

Distribution. Europe, West and Middle Asia (Putshkov and Putshkov 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Harpactoriracundus)

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Sineaspinipes (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846)

Distribution. USA (from New York south to Florida and west to South Dakota, Colorado, and Texas), Mexico (Froeschner 1988).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963), Louisiana (Oliver 1964)].

Prey stage. Larva (Oliver 1964).

Notes. Attacks first through fourth larval instars (Oliver 1964).

Stenopodacinerea Laporte, 1833

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (Froeschner 1988), Argentina (Diez and Coscarón 2014).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963).

Yolinusalbopustulatus China, 1940

Distribution. China, Japan, Vietnam (Lam et al. 2015).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Beijing, laboratory feeding and testing in 2019].

Prey stage. Larva.

Notes. Attacks H.cunea in the laboratory, one adult can consume 8–13 larvae per day (unpublished data, LMC).

Zeluslongipes (Linnaeus, 1767)

Distribution. Southern parts of USA, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Zhang et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Melville (Oliver 1963 as Z.bilobus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Oliver 1963).

Notes. Attacks fourth through sixth larval instars (Oliver 1964).

Zeluscervicalis Stål, 1872

Distribution. Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, USA (Zhang et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Lacombe (Oliver 1963)].

Prey stage. Larva (Oliver 1963).

Notes. Attacks fourth through sixth larval instars (Oliver 1964).

Zelusluridus Stål, 1862

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, and USA (Zhang et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963 as Z.exsanguis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963 as Z.exsanguis).

Notes. Almost all specimens collected from the US were misidentified as Z.exsanguis (Zhang et al. 2016).

Zelustetracanthus Stål, 1862

Distribution. Brazil, Costa Rica, Curaçao, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, USA and Venezuela (Zhang et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963 as Z.socius)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963 as Z.exsanguis).

﻿﻿Miridae 盲蝽科

Deraeocorisruber (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Britain, Corsica, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Moravia, Spain, Sweden, USA, Canada (Schuh 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Neuroptera

﻿Chrysopidae 草蛉科

Chrysopacarnea Stephens, 1836

Distribution. Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991), Turkey [Düzce (Avci et al. 2022)].

Prey stage. Egg (Boriani 1991).

Chrysopaformosa Brauer, 1851

Distribution. Palaearctic, widespread (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong city, Liaoning province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Chrysopaoculata Say, 1839

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Chrysopaperla (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic, widespread (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Chrysopaquadripunctata Burmeister, 1839

Distribution. Southern Canada, eastern USA, Mexico (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963)].

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Chrysopapallens (Rambur, 1838)

Distribution. Palaearctic, widespread (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as C.septempunctata), Liaocheng City, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016 as C.septempunctata)].

Prey stage. Egg (Shu and Yu 1985), larva (Yue et al. 2016).

Chrysopanipponensis (Okamoto, 1914)

Distribution. China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Philippines, eastern Russia (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Liaocheng City, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016 as C.sinica)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yue et al. 2016).

Chrysopacarnea (Stephens, 1836)

Distribution. Palaearctic (widespread), Afrotropical (Cape Verde, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen), Oriental (China, India, Nepal) (Oswald 2007).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as C.vulgaris).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Panorpidae 蝎蛉科

Panorpacommunis Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Asia, Europe (Penny and Byers 1979).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Coleoptera

﻿Cantharidae 花萤科

Cantharisfusca Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Western and central Europe (Kazantsev 2011).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Cantharisrufa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, Canada (Pelletier and Hébert 2014).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Carabidae 步甲科

Calosomainquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe and part of the Mediterranean (Bruschi 2010).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Calosomascrutator (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution. Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela (Bruschi 2010).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Calosomasycophanta (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Northern Africa and throughout Europe (Bruschi 2010).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Carabushortensis Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Europe (Turin et al. 2003).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Chlaeniuspallipes (Gebler, 1823)

Distribution. China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Russia, Mongolia (Lorenz 2021).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Pupa (Shu and Yu 1985).

Nebrialivida (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. China, Japan, Russa, Europe (Liang and Yu 2000).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Liaocheng City, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yue et al. 2016).

Parenacavipennis (Bates, 1873)

Distribution. China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Nepal(?) (Shi and Liang 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Rongcheng City, Shandong Province (Wang et al. 1999)].

Prey stage. Larva (Wang et al. 1999).

Notes. Both adults and larvae prey on H.cunea larvae. Adults prey at night on all instars; P.cavipennis larvae prey on caterpillars in webs (Wang et al. 1999).

Parenalaesipennis (Bates, 1873)

Distribution. China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, India, Nepal (Shi and Liang 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dalian City, Liaoning Province (Yang et al. 2008)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Both adults and larvae prey on H.cunea and live inside the host web; consume 110–265 larvae per web; consume all larvae in 3.2% of webs in the Dalian area (Yang et al. 2008).

Parenalatecincta (Bates, 1873)

Distribution. Japan, South Korea, Russia, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, India, Nepal, the Philippines (Shi and Liang 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dalian City, Liaoning Province (Yang et al. 2008)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Similar biology to P.laesipennis (Yang et al. 2008).

Plochionustimidus Haldeman, 1843

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, USA (Bousquet 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963).

Notes. Both adult and larva prey on H.Cunea larvae. Adult tears larva into pieces and then consumes each piece except for the head capsule (Tadić 1963).

﻿﻿Coccinellidae 瓢虫科

Coccinellaseptempunctata Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Native to temperate Europe, North Africa, and Asia, established in North America and South America [Brazil, Chile] (Beverley 2022).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985), Liaocheng City, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016)].

Prey stage. Egg (Yue et al. 2016).

Notes. Larva of C.septempunctata prey on eggs (Yue et al. 2016).

Harmoniaaxyridis (Pallas, 1773)

Distribution. Native to central and eastern Asia, introduced to Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, South Africa, and Australia (Roy 2022).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Beijing (unpublished data, LMC), Liaocheng City, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016)].

Prey stage. Egg (Yue et al. 2016).

Notes. Larva of H.axyridis prey on eggs (Yue et al. 2016).

Propyleaquatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, the Russian Far East, Asia, North America (Nikitsky and Ukrainsky 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Silphidae 葬甲科

Dendroxenaquadrimaculata (Scopoli, 1771)

Distribution. Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran and Kazakhstan, Northern Africa, Northern America (Stolbov and Sergeeva 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Xylodrepapunctata).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Silphacarinata Herbst, 1783

Distribution. From Europe to Transbaikalia and Central Asia, including Mongolia and westernmost China (Nishikawa et al. 2010).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Staphylinidae 隐翅虫科

Quediusochripennis (Ménétriés, 1832)

Distribution. West Palaearctic, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oriental (Salnitska and Solodovnikov 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Hymenoptera

﻿Formicidae 蚁科

Formicarufa Linnaeus, 1761

Distribution. Nearctic, Palaearctic (AntWeb, 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Linepithemahumile (Mayr, 1868)

Distribution. Afrotropical, Australasia, Indomalaya, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceania, Palaearctic (AntWeb 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Iridomyrmexhumilis).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Solenopsissaevissima (Smith, 1855)

Distribution. Afrotropical, Neotropical (AntWeb 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Vespidae 胡蜂科

Dolichovespulaarenaria (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution. Abundant throughout boreal North America (Kimsey and Carpenter 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick (Morris 1972 as Vespulaarenaria)].

Prey stage. Larva (Morris 1972).

Dolichovespulamaculate (Linnaeus, 1763)

Distribution. North America (Kimsey and Carpenter 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick (Morris 1972 as Vespulamaculata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Morris 1972).

Dolichovespulanorvegicoides (Sladen, 1918)

Distribution. Widely throughout northern North America and further south along mountain ranges (Kimsey and Carpenter 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick (Morris 1972 as Vespulanorvegicoides)].

Prey stage. Larva (Morris 1972).

Polistesannularis (Linnaeus, 1763)

Distribution. USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Polistesdominulus (Christ, 1791)

Distribution. Central and southern Europe, Turkey, northern Africa, Israel, Syria, Afghanistan, Russia, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia, China; introduced to Australia, Chile, USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as P.dominula).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Polistesarizonensis Snelling, 1954

Distribution. USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as P.exclamans).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Polistesaurifer Saussure, 1853

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as P.fuscatus).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Polistesmetricus Say, 1831

Distribution. USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Polistesfuscatus (Fabricius, 1793)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Carpenter 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as P.pallipes).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Vespulaalascensis (Packard, 1870)

Distribution. North America (Kimsey and Carpenter 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick (Morris 1972 as V.vulgaris)], USA [Roycefield (Smulyan 1924 as Vespacommunis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Smulyan 1924; Morris 1972).

Notes. Preys on larvae by piercing the integument with their mandibles and consuming the liquid and softer parts (Smulyan 1924).

Vespulamaculifrons (du Buysson, 1905)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Kimsey and Carpenter 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick (Morris 1972 as V.maculata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Morris 1972).

﻿﻿Chilopoda

﻿Scutigeromorpha

﻿Scutigeridae 蚰蜒科

Thereuopodaclunifera Wood, 1862

Distribution. China, Japan (Würmli 1979).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

Prey stage. Adult (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

Notes. Occasionally preys on H.cunea (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

﻿﻿Arachnida

﻿Araneae

﻿Agelenidae 漏斗蛛科

Agelenalimbata Thorell, 1897

Distribution. China, Myanmar, Laos (World Spider Catalog 2023), Japan (Kunimi 1983).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Agelenopsis sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Allagelenadifficilis (Fox, 1936)

Distribution. China, Korea (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Agelenadifficilis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Allagelenaopulenta (L. Koch, 1878)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983 as Agalenaopulenta)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kayashima 1967; Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Anyphaenidae 近管蛛科

Anyphaenaceler (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Anyphaenamaculata (Banks, 1896)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Anyphaena sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Aysha sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Hibanagracilis (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Jamaica (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Ayshagracilis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Lupettianamordax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896)

Distribution. USA to Peru, Brazil (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Anyphaenafragilis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Wulfilasaltabundus (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Anyphaenellasaltabunda)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Araneidae 圆蛛科

Araneusdiadematus Clerck, 1757

Distribution. Europe, Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan. Introduced to North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984), Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993), Pavia (Camerini and Groppali 1999)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993; Camerini and Groppali 1999).

Aranielladisplicata (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. North America, Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Araneuscingulatus (Walckenaer, 1841)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Conepeiraozarkensis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Araneuscirce (Audouin, 1826)

Distribution. Southern Europe, Egypt, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Epeiracornuta)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Araneusgrossus (C. L. Koch, 1844)

Distribution. Europe to Central Asia (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Araneus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Araneusmacacus Uyemura, 1961

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967 as A.ventricosusmacacus).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967)

Acacesiahamata (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. USA to Argentina (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Aoaraneuspentagrammicus (Karsch, 1879)

Distribution. Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967 as Araneuspentagrammicus).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Argiopeamoena L. Koch, 1878

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Argiopebruennichii (Scopoli, 1772)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Israel, Russia (Europe to Far East), Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia to China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Argiope sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Liaocheng, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yue et al. 2016).

Bijoaraneusmitificus (Simon, 1886)

Distribution. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, Philippines, New Guinea (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Araneusmitificus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Cyclosaatrata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan, Russia (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Cyclosa sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Liaocheng, Shandong Province (Yue et al. 2016)].

Prey stage. Larva (Yue et al. 2016).

Epeira sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Eustalaanastera (Walckenaer, 1841)

Distribution. North and Central America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Eustala sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Gibbaraneabituberculata (Walckenaer, 1802)

Distribution. North Africa, Europe, Turkey, Israel, Russia (Europe to Far East), Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia to China, Japan, India (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993 as Araneusbituberculatus), Pavia (Camerini and Groppali 1999)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993; Camerini and Groppali 1999).

Larinioidescornutus (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. North America, Europe, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984 as Nucteneacornuta), Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984; Groppali et al. 1993).

Larinioidespatagiatus (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China, Mongolia, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984 as Nucteneapatagiata).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Micrathenagracilis (Walckenaer, 1805)

Distribution. North and Central America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Neosconaarabesca (Walckenaer, 1841)

Distribution. North, Central America, Caribbean. Introduced to Nepal, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Neosconacruciferabenjamina (Lucas, 1838)

Distribution. North America. Introduced to Hawaii, Canary Is., Madeira (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as N.sacra)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Neosconapratensis (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Neosconascylloides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Ocrepeiraectypa (Walckenaer, 1841)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Wixiaectypa)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Singahamata (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East), Caucasus to Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1994).

Singa sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Yaginumiasia (Strand, 1906)

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Y.zea)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Cheiracanthiidae 红螯蛛科

Cheiracanthiumerraticum (Walckenaer, 1802)

Distribution. Azores, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Cheiracanthiumeutittha Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. China (Taiwan), Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Chiracanthiumeutittha)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Cheiracanthiuminclusum (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. North America, Central America, Caribbean, South America. Introduced to Réunion (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Chiracanthiuminclusum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Cheiracanthiumlascivum Karsch, 1879

Distribution. Russia (Sakhalin), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Chiracanthiumlascivum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Cheiracanthiummildei L. Koch, 1864

Distribution. Azores, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia. Introduced to North America, Argentina (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Cheiracanthiumjaponicum Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983 as Chiracanthiumjaponicum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Chieracanthium sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Cheiracanthiumunicum Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Laos (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Chiracanthiumunicum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Clubionidae 管巢蛛科

Buclionajucunda (Karsch, 1879)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983 as Clubionajucunda)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Clubionaabboti L. Koch, 1866

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Clubionacorrugata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan, Thailand (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Clubionadiversa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1862

Distribution. Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Clubionapallens)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Clubionalutescens Westring, 1851

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Kazakhstan, Korea, Japan. Introduced to North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Clubionamarmorata L. Koch, 1866

Distribution. France to Ukraine and Turkey (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Clubionamoesta Banks, 1896

Distribution. USA, Canada, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Clubionaobesa Hentz, 1847

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Clubionapallidula (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia. Introduced to North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Clubiona sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Clubionavigil Karsch, 1879

Distribution. Russia (Kurile Is.), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Elaverexcepta (L. Koch, 1866)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Caribbean (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Clubionidesexcepta)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Dictynidae 叶蛛科

Dictynaarundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Moldova (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Dictynafoliicola Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Kayashima 1967).

Dictynapusilla Thorell, 1856

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993), Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1994).

Dictyna sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phantynasegregata (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936)

Distribution. USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Dictynaaffsegregata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Gnaphosidae 平腹蛛科

Cesoniabilineata (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Drassyllus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Zelotes sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Linyphiidae 皿蛛科

Frontinellinafrutetorum (C. L. Koch, 1835)

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Iran, Kazakhstan, Central Asia (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Grammonotamaculata Banks, 1896

Distribution. USA, Costa Rica (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Linyphia sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Oedothoraxretusus (Westring, 1851)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to north-eastern Siberia), Kazakhstan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Strandellaquadrimaculata (Uyemura, 1937)

Distribution. Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Lycosidae 狼蛛科

Arctosacinerea (Fabricius, 1777)

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Congo, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Middle East, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Pardosaastrigera L. Koch, 1878

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967 as Lycosat-insignita).

Prey stage. Larva and adult (Kayashima 1967).

﻿﻿Mimetidae 拟态蛛科

Mimetuspuritanus Chamberlin, 1923

Distribution. USA, Jamaica (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Mimetussyllepsicus Hentz, 1832

Distribution. USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as M.interfector)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Nephilidae 芥蛛科

Trichonephilaclavata (L. Koch, 1878)

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967 as Nephilaclavata), Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Nephilaclavata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983) pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Oecobiidae 壁钱科

Oecobiuscellariorum (Dugès, 1836)

Distribution. Mediterranean, Russia (Europe), Azerbaijan, Jordan, Iran; introduced to USA, China, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Oecobiustexanus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Uroctealesserti Schenkel, 1936

Distribution. China, Korea (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

﻿﻿Philodromidae 逍遥蛛科

Philodromusabbotii Walckenaer, 1837, nomen dubium

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromusaureolus (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Central Asia and Middle Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984), Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993), Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994)].

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984; Groppali et al. 1994).

Philodromuscespitum (Walckenaer, 1802)

Distribution. North America, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993 as P.caespitum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Philodromuskeyserlingi Marx, 1890

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromusmarxii Keyserling, 1884

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromuspernix Blackwall, 1846

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromusrufus Walckenaer, 1826

Distribution. North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Philodromus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Philodromusspinitarsis Simon, 1895

Distribution. Russia (south Siberia, Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Philodromusvulgaris (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Thanatusformicinus (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. North America, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Tadić 1963 as Philodromusformicinus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Tadić 1963).

﻿﻿Pisauridae 盗蛛科

Pisauramirabilis (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Central Asia, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Pisauralama Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Pupa or adult (Kayashima 1967).

Pisaurinamira (Walckenaer, 1837)

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Dapanusmirus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Salticidae 跳蛛科

Aelurillusv-insignitus (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1994).

Carrhotusxanthogramma (Latreille, 1819)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Colonussylvanus (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. USA to Panama (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Thiodinasylvana)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Erismilitaris (Hentz, 1845)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as E.marginatus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Erisrufa (C. L. Koch, 1846)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as E.pineus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Eris sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Evarchaarcuata (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Evarchafalcata (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Heliophanusauratus C. L. Koch, 1835

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Hentziamitrata (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. USA, Canada, Bahama Is. (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Hentziapalmarum (Hentz, 1832)

Distribution. North America, Bermuda, Bahama Is., Cuba (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Hentzia sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Icius sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Jotus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Macaroerisnidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)

Distribution. Macaronesia, Europe, North Africa to Turkey, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Iran; introduced to Sri Lanka (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993 as Erisnidicolens), Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994 as Erisnidicolens)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1994).

Maeviainclemens (Walckenaer, 1837)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as M.vittata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Metacyrbataeniola (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Metaphidippus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Myrmarachnejaponica (Karsch, 1879)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Orienticiusvulpes (Grube, 1861)

Distribution. Russia (south Siberia to Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Dendryphantesatratus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Paraphidippusaurantius (Lucas, 1833)

Distribution. USA to Panama, Greater Antilles (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Erisaurantia)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Peckhamiapicata (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Pelegrinagalathea (Walckenaer, 1837)

Distribution. Canada to Costa Rica, Bermuda (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Metaphidippusgalathea)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Pelegrinainsignis (Banks, 1892)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Metaphidippusinsignis)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Pelegrinaproterva (Walckenaer, 1837)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Metaphidippusprotervus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phintellacastriesiana (Grube, 1861)

Distribution. Canary Is., Southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984 as Iciuscastriesianus).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Platycryptusundatus (De Geer, 1778)

Distribution. North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Metacyrbaundata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Plexippoidesdoenitzi (Karsch, 1879)

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967 as Hasariusdoenitzi).

Prey stage. Larva (Kayashima 1967).

Plexippuspaykulli (Audouin, 1826)

Distribution. Africa. Introduced to both Americas, Europe, Middle East, Nepal, southern Asia, Australia, Pacific Is. (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Kayashima 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Kayashima 1967).

Plexippus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusaudax (Hentz, 1845)

Distribution. North America; introduced to Hawaii, Azores, India (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippuscarolinensis G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1909

Distribution. USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusclarus Keyserling, 1885

Distribution. North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusinsignarius C. L. Koch, 1846

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusmystaceus (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as P.incertus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusprinceps (G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1883)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippusputnami (G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1883)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Phidippuswhitmani G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1909

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Rheneatrata (Karsch, 1881)

Distribution. Russia (south Siberia, Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Dendryphantesatratus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Salticuszebraneus (C. L. Koch, 1837)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe, Caucasus), Iran (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984), Italy [Central Padana Plain (Groppali et al. 1994)].

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984; Groppali et al. 1994).

Sassacuscyaneus (Hentz, 1846)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Agassacyanea)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Sibianorpullus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Bianorpullus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Thiodina sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Zygoballussexpunctatus (Hentz, 1845)

Distribution. USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Tetragnathidae 长脚蛛科

Tetragnathalaboriosa Hentz, 1850

Distribution. Alaska to Chile, Argentina, Falkland Is. (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Tetragnatha sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Tetragnathasquamata Karsch, 1879

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Theridiidae 球腹蛛科

Enoplognathaovata (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Korea, Japan. Introduced to North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Euryopisfunebris (Hentz, 1850)

Distribution. Canada, USA. Introduced to South Africa (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Euryopsisfunebris)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Euryopis sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Heterotheridionnigrovariegatum (Simon, 1873)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Iran, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984 as Theridionnigrovariegatum).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Neospintharustrigonum (Hentz, 1850)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Argyrodestrigonum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Parasteatodatepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841)

Distribution. Asia; introduced to Canada, USA, South America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), South Africa, Seychelles, New Zealand, Hawaii (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Achaearaneatepidariorum)], Japan (Kayashima 1967 as Theridiontepidariorum), Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Achaearaneatepidariorum)], China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Theridiontepidariorum)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967; Kunimi 1983; Shu and Yu 1985), adult (Kayashima 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967; Kunimi 1983).

Phyllonetasisyphia (Clerck, 1757)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993 as Theridionsisyphium)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

Takayustakayensis (Saito, 1939)

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983 as Theridiontakayense)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Teutana sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Theridiondifferens Emerton, 1882

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Theridionvarians Hahn, 1833

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China. Introduced to Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR [Moldova, Russia (Sharov et al. 1984)].

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Theridion sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Yunohamellayunohamensis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)

Distribution. Russia (Sakhalin, Kurile Is.), Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Theridionyunohamense)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Thomisidae 蟹蛛科

Bassanianadecorata (Karsch, 1879)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Oxyptiladecorata)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Diaeasubdola O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885

Distribution. Pakistan, India, China, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Misumenopsjaponicus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Ebrechtellatricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984, name as Misumenopstricuspidatus), Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983 as Misumenopstricuspidatus)], China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Misumenatricuspidatus).

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983; Sharov et al. 1984; Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Mecaphesaasperata (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. North, Central America, Caribbean (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Misumenopsasperatus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Mecaphesaceler (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. North, Central America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Misumenopsceler)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Misumessusoblongus (Keyserling, 1880)

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as Misumenopsoblongus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Misumenops sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Oxytatestriatipes L. Koch, 1878

Distribution. Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983; Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Pistiustruncatus (Pallas, 1772)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Spiracmestriatipes (L. Koch, 1870)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia, Iran, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Xysticusstriatipes)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Synemaglobosum (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Israel, Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Synemaparvulum (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. USA, Mexico (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Tmarus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Thomisuslabefactus Karsch, 1881

Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Thailand (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Thomisusonustus Walckenaer, 1805

Distribution. Selvagens Is. (Portugal), Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to south Siberia), Israel, Central Asia, Iran, China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Xysticusferox (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. USA, Canada (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Xysticusfunestus Keyserling, 1880

Distribution. North America (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Xysticuslanio C. L. Koch, 1835

Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle and south Siberia), Turkmenistan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South of the European part of former USSR (Sharov et al. 1984).

Prey stage. Larva (Sharov et al. 1984).

Xysticus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Xysticus sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Po Valley (Groppali et al. 1993)].

Prey stage. Larva (Groppali et al. 1993).

﻿﻿Titanoecidae 隐石蛛科

Nursciaalbofasciata (Strand, 1907)

Distribution. Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China; introduced to Britain (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Trachelidae 管蛛科

Trachelasjaponicus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

Distribution. Russia (Kurile Is.), Korea, Japan, China (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu, Akikawa (Kunimi 1983)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

Trachelassimilis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967 as T.afflaticeps)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Trachelas sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

Trachelastranquillus (Hentz, 1847)

Distribution. Canada, USA (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Arkansas (Warren et al. 1967)].

Prey stage. Larva (Warren et al. 1967).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Warren et al. 1967).

﻿﻿Uloboridae 妩蛛科

Octonobavarians (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (World Spider Catalog 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Fuchu (Kunimi 1983 as Uloborusvarians)].

Prey stage. Larva (Kunimi 1983).

Notes. Collected from fall webworm nest (Kunimi 1983).

﻿﻿Trombidiformes

﻿Trombidiidae 绒螨科

Allothrombidiumfuliginosum (Hermann, 1804)

Distribution. Asia, Europe (CABI Compendium 2022).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991).

Prey stage. Egg (Boriani 1991).

﻿﻿Reptilia

﻿Squamata

﻿Gekkonidae 壁虎科

Geckojaponicus (Schlegel, 1836)

Distribution. China, South Korea, Japan (Uetz et al. 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

Prey stage. Adult (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

Notes. Occasionally preys on H.cunea (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

﻿﻿Amphibia

﻿Anura

﻿Bufonidae 蟾蜍科

Anaxyrusamericanus (Holbrook, 1836)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Frost 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Bufoamericanna).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Bufobufo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom (Frost 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Bufogargarizans Cantor, 1842

Distribution. China, India, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Vietnam (Frost 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

﻿﻿Ranidae 蛙科

Pelophylaxnigromaculatus (Hallowell, 1861)

Distribution. China, Japan, Korea, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Frost 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Rananigromaculatus)].

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

﻿﻿Aves

﻿Bucerotiformes

﻿Upupidae 戴胜科

Upupaepops Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Breeds in northwestern Africa (east to northwestern Libya), Canary Islands, and central and southern Europe south to Israel, and east to southeastern Siberia and northern Korea, south to northwestern India and China; mostly migratory, winters to Africa and South Asia (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

﻿﻿Ciconiiformes

﻿Ciconiidae 鹳科

Ciconiaciconia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. West Palearctic and West Asia: overwinters in tropical and South Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Columbiformes

﻿Columbidae 鸠鸽科

Streptopeliadecaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838)

Distribution. Europe to Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, China, and Korea; introduced to North America and Mexico (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

Streptopeliaturtur (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Azores, Canary Is., and Europe to West Siberia and Kazakhstan (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

Notes. Actively prey on the H.cunea in September (Camerini 1994).

﻿﻿Cuculiformes

﻿Cuculidae 杜鹃科

Coccyzusamericanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Canada to Mexico and West Indies; overwinters in Argentina (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Cuculuscanorus Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Europe, Siberia to Kamchatka and Japan; overwinters in Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Falconiformes

﻿Falconidae 隼科

Falcotinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Europe, northwest Africa, and the Middle East to east central Siberia, Afghanistan, and western and northern Pakistan east in the Himalayas to Nepal and Bhutan; overwinters in eastern Africa and southern and southern Asia (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

﻿﻿Galliformes

﻿Phasianidae 雉科

Gallusgallus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Oriental (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Passeriformes

﻿Corvidae 鸦科

Corvuscorone Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. West Europe (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Cyanopicacyanus (Pallas, 1776)

Distribution. East central Asia (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province] (Shu and Yu 1985).

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Prey heavily on H.cunea from early May to early June (Shu and Yu 1985).

Picapica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, from the British Isles, France, and southern Scandinavia to eastern Europe and Asia Minor (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province] (Shu and Yu 1985), Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985; Warren and Tadić 1967), adult (Camerini 1994).

Notes. Preys heavily on H.cunea from early May to early June (Shu and Yu 1985).

﻿﻿Laniidae 伯劳科

Laniuscollurio Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Widespread in the Palearctic region, South Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Laniusminor Gmelin, 1788

Distribution. Iberian Peninsula to Siberia and central Asia, south Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Muscicapidae 鹟科

Luscinialuscinia (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. North Eurasia, overwinters in east and south Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Lusciniamegarhynchos Brehm, 1831

Distribution. West Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor; tropical Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Adult (Camerini 1994).

Muscicapastriata (Pallas, 1764)

Distribution. Europe to North Africa, Siberia, and Asia Minor (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Oenantheoenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. British Isles to Mediterranean, and east to Siberia, Alaska, and northwest Canada (Yukon); winter to central Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

Notes. Preys on H.cunea during migration (Camerini 1994).

﻿﻿Oriolidae 黄鹂科

Oriolusoriolus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. West Palearctic to east Siberia; winter to Africa and northwest India (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Paridae 山雀科

Cyanistescaeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Continental Europe to north Spain, Sicily, north Turkey, and north Urals (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parusmajor Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province] (Shu and Yu 1985), Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), Adult (Shu and Yu 1985; Camerini 1994).

Notes. Actively preys on H.cunea larvae (Camerini 1994); preys heavily from early May to early June in Liaoning Province, China (Shu and Yu 1985); may be used as a biocontrol agent by augmenting its population using artificial broods (Camerini 1994).

﻿﻿Passeridae 雀科

Passerdomesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province] (Shu and Yu 1985), Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Adult (Warren and Tadić 1967), larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Preys heavily from early May to early June (Shu and Yu 1985).

Passermontanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, Australian (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province] (Shu and Yu 1985), Japan [Hiratsuka Shrine] (Hasegawa and Itô 1967). Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Adult (Warren and Tadić 1967; Hasegawa and Itô 1967; Camerini 1994), larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Notes. Preys heavily from early May to early June (Shu and Yu 1985), played an important role in suppressing the reproduction of H.cunea (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

﻿﻿Sturnidae 椋鸟科

Sturnusvulgaris Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Canary Is. and Iceland to Ural Mts., north Ukraine, and southeast Europe (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), pupa and adult (Camerini 1994).

Spodiopsarcineraceus (Temminck, 1835)

Distribution. Northeast Asia; winters in south China and Philippines (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Hiratsuka Shrine] (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

Prey stage. Adult (Hasegawa and Itô 1967; Camerini 1994).

Notes. Played an important role in suppressing the reproduction of H.cunea (Hasegawa and Itô 1967).

﻿﻿Sylviidae 莺科

Currucacurruca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. East Siberia to north Altai and north Mongolia (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Turdidae 鸫科

Saxicolarubetra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. West Palearctic; tropical and south Africa (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Camerini 1994).

Notes. Preys on H.cunea during migrations (Camerini 1994).

Turdusmerula Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. West Europe; introduced Southeast Australia, Tasmania, Norfolk, Lord Howe Is. (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Turdusphilomelos Brehm, 1831

Distribution. North and east Europe to central Asia; winters to North Africa and Iran (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Vireonidae 绿鹃科

Vireoolivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Distribution. West-central and Eastern US; overwinters in Cuba and central South America (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Piciformes

﻿Picidae 啄木鸟科

Dendrocoposmajor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Mediterranean, Oriental (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Camerini 1994).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), pupa (Camerini 1994).

Dendrocoposmedius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Northwest Spain to France, Estonia, West Russia, Ukraine, Italy, Balkans (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Dendrocopossyriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)

Distribution. Southeast Europe, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Iran to Israel and Jordan (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Strigiformes

﻿Strigidae 鸱鸮科

Asiootus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America (Avibase 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Prey stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Part II Parasitoids

﻿Hymenoptera

﻿Ichneumonidae 姬蜂科

Apechthiscompunctor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Asia, Europe, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Prepupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary, koinobiont (Yu et al. 2016).

Casinariagenuina (Norton, 1863)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England or New York or New Jersey (Schaffner and Griswold 1934 as Neonortoniamajor); Colorado (Swain 1937 as Neonortoniamajor)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid (Yu et al. 2016).

Casinarialimenitidis (Howard, 1889)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England or New York or New Jersey (Schaffner and Griswold 1934 as C.orgyiae); Colorado (Swain 1937 as C.orgyiae)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid (Yu et al. 2016).

Casinariaischnogaster Thomson, 1887

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Yu et al. 2016).

Casinarianigripes (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Apantelesardimarium)].

Host stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Shu and Yu 1985).

Cratichneumonculex (Müller, 1776)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Cratichneumonluteiventris (Gravenhorst, 1820)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, emerge from pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Diradopshyphantriae Kasparyan & Pinson, 2007

Distribution. Mexico (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Mexico (Kasparyan and Pinson 2007).

Host stage. Larva (Kasparyan and Pinson 2007).

Parasitoid type. Koinobiont endoparasitoid (Kasparyan and Pinson 2007).

Enicospiluslineolatus (Roman, 1913)

Distribution. Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Larva-prepupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Solitary (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.8 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 1.5% (Yang et al. 2008).

Enicospilusramidulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2010)].

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Sullivan et al. 2010), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Enicospilusglabratus (Say, 1835)

Distribution. North America, South America (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Eremotylusglabratus)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Gelis sp.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2010)].

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Sullivan et al. 2010), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Gotraoctocincta (Ashmead, 1906)

Distribution. China, Japan, Korea (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Binzhou City, Shandong Province (Li 2011)].

Host stage. Larva-pupa (Li 2011).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitism rate 0.2% (Li 2011).

Gregopimplainquisitor (Scopoli, 1763)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Europe, Canada (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR, South Korea (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, emerge from pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Gregopimplakuwanae (Viereck, 1912)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Tai’an City, Shandong Province (Li 2011)].

Host stage. Larva-pupa (Li 2011).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitism rate 1.3% (Li 2011).

Gregopimplamalacosomae (Seyrig, 1927)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Europe (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Host stage. Larva (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Heterischnustruncator (Fabricius, 1798)

Distribution. Palaearctic, Europe (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, emerged from pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Hyposoterfugitivus (Say, 1835)

Distribution. Brazil, Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], Canada (Morris 1976b).

Host stage. Early instar larvae (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 0.67 (Morris 1976b).

Hyposoterrivalis (Cresson, 1872)

Distribution. China, Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as H.pilosulus)], Canada (Morris 1976b as H.pilosulus).

Host stage. Early instar larvae (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.27 (Morris 1976b).

Ichneumondeliratorius Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Nearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Townes 1944 as Pterocormuscinctitarsis).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Iseropusstercorator (Fabricius, 1793)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Nearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, emerged from pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Itoplectisalternans (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Itoplectisconquisitor (Say, 1835)

Distribution. Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], North America (Townes 1944).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Itoplectismaculator (Fabricius, 1775)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Host stage. Larva, emerged from pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Itoplectisviduata (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Nearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Host stage. Larva, emerged from pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Netelia (Netelia) testacea (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Afrotropical, Australasian, Europe, Neotropical, Palaearctic, Oceanic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Phobocampepallipes (Provancher, 1875)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Hyposoterpallipes)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Phygadeuonvariabilis Gravenhorst, 1829

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Former USSR (Yu et al. 2016).

Host stage. Larva, emerged from pupa (Yu et al. 2016).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Pimplaaethiops Curtis, 1828

Distribution. Europe, East Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008 as Coccygomimusparnarae).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Solitary (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 0.34% (Yang et al. 2008).

Pimplaaterrima Gravenhorst, 1829

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Asia (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Pimpladisparis Viereck, 1911

Distribution. East Asia, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Tokyo (Tamura 1969 as Coccygomimusdisparis)], China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Coccygomimusdisparis)], Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989 as Coccygomimusdisparis)], China (Yang et al. 2008 as Coccygomimusdisparis).

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989; Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Solitary (Yang et al. 2008), koinobiont (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2.78 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 10% (Yang et al. 2008).

Pimplaluctuosa Smith, 1874

Distribution. East Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989 as Coccygomimusluctuosus), Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Coccygomimusluctuosus)].

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989), mature larva and pupa (Shu and Yu 1985).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, koinobiont (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Notes. Parasitism rate 4–6% (Shu and Yu 1985).

Pimplapedalis Cresson, 1865

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Pimplarufipes (Miller, 1759)

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Oceanic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as P.instigator), Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2010)], Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)].

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Sullivan et al. 2010), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Pimplaspuria Gravenhorst, 1829

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Pimplaturionellae (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Europe, Nearctic, Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008 as Coccygomimusturionellae).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Solitary parasitism (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.6 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 0.12% (Yang et al. 2008).

Rhimphoctona (Xylophylax) megacephalus (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Oriental (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Pyracmonaustriacus).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Sinophorusvalidus (Cresson, 1864)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Eulimneriavalida)], Canada (Morris 1976b).

Host stage. First instar larvae (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary parasitism, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Adults of S.validus emerge a week or two later than those of H.cunea and attack first-instar larvae (Morris 1976b). Parasitoid female to male ratio 0.92 (Morris 1976b).

Therionmorio (Fabricius, 1781)

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, Panama, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Therionsassacus Viereck, 1917

Distribution. Canada, Mexico, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], Canada (Morris 1976b).

Host stage. Larva of late instar (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 0.89 (Morris 1976b).

Theroniaatalantae (Poda, 1761)

Distribution. Europe, Palaearctic, Oriental, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Theroscopusesenbeckii (Gravenhorst, 1815)

Distribution. Europe, West Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Hemitelesinaequalis and H.subzonatus).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Trychosislegator (Thunberg, 1822)

Distribution. Palaearctic (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as T.ingratus).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Virgichneumonalbilineatus (Gravenhorst, 1820)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2010)].

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Sullivan et al. 2010), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Virgichneumondumeticola (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2010)], Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)].

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary (Sullivan et al. 2010), polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2.16 (Sullivan et al. 2010).

Virgichneumonsubcyaneus (Cresson, 1864)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England or New York or New Jersey (Schaffner and Griswold 1934 as Amblytelespullatus), Colorado (Swain 1937 as Amblytelessubcyaneus)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Vulgichneumonsubcyaneus).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Vulgichneumonbrevicinctor (Say, 1825)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England or New York or New Jersey (Schaffner and Griswold 1934 as Amblytelesbrevicinctor), Colorado (Swain 1937 as Amblytelesbrevicinctor)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Vulgichneumonleucaniae (Uchida, 1924)

Distribution. China, Japan, Russa (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985); Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)].

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, koinobiont (Ran and Zhao 1989).

﻿﻿Braconidae 茧蜂科

Aleiodessanctihyacinthi (Provancher, 1880)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Serbia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Rogashyphantriae)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Apanteles (Dolichogenidea) lacteicolor Viereck, 1911

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Apanteleslacteicolor), New English (Marsh 1979)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Apanteles (Pholetesor) glacialis (Ashmead, 1902)

Distribution. North America (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Alaska (Marsh 1979)].

Apantelessingularis (Yang & You, 2002)

Distribution. China (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Yangling City, Shaanxi Province; Yantai City, Shandong Province (Yang et al. 2002 as Dolichogenideasingularis)].

Host stage. Larva 1–3 instar (Yang et al. 2002).

Parasitoid type. Koinobiont, primary, solitary, endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Yang et al. 2002).

Notes. 5–6% parasitism (Yang et al. 2002).

Cotesiadiacrisiae (Gahan, 1917)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Apantelesdiacrisiae)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Cotesiagregalis Yang & Wei, 2002

Distribution. China (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Tianjin City; Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province; Dalian City, Liaoning Province; Yantai City, Shandong Province (Yang et al. 2002)].

Host stage. Larva (Yang et al. 2002).

Parasitoid type. Koinobiont, primary, gregarious, endoparasitoid (Yang et al. 2002).

Notes. Parasitism rate 6% (Yang et al. 2002).

Cotesiahyphantriae (Riley, 1887)

Distribution. Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, USA, Ukraine, UK, Yugoslavia (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Apanteleshyphantriae)], Turkey [Düzce (Avci et al. 2022 as Apanteleshyphantriae)]. Canada (Morris 1976b as Apanteleshyphantriae).

Host stage. Larva (Morris 1976b), egg and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b), polyphagous parasitism (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.38 (Morris 1976b).

Cotesiaordinaria (Ratzeburg, 1844)

Distribution. Asia, Europe (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Apantelesardimarium)].

Host stage. Larva (Shu and Yu 1985).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious parasitism (Shu and Yu 1985).

Cotesiaplutellae (Kurdjumov, 1912)

Distribution. Widespread all over the world (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Hungry [Hédervár (Papp 1988 as Apantelesplutellae)], Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Apantelesplutellae).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Cotesiaruficrus (Haliday, 1834)

Distribution. Widespread all over the world (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Hungry [Újszentmargita (Papp 1988 as Apantelesruficrus)], Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Apantelesruficrus).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Cotesiavanessae (Reinhard, 1880)

Distribution. Asia, North Africa, North America, Europe (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Apantelesvanessae).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Meteorusacronyctae Muesebeck, 1923

Distribution. USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Meteorusbakeri Cook & Davis, 1891

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Meteorushyphantriae Riley, 1887

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Washington DC (Riley 1887b), Colorado (Swain 1937)].

Host stage. Larva (Riley 1887b; Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Notes. Performed well as natural enemy during outbreak and prevented further increase in H.cunea populations (Riley 1887b). The parasitism rate 0.08–3.94% of black fall webworm race, and 0.24–5.71% of orange race (Oliver 1964).

Meteoruspendulus (Müller, 1776)

Distribution. Asia, North America, Europe (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as M.communis)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967 as M.communis).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Meteorusversicolor (Wesmael, 1835)

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], Canada [New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Morris 1976c)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

Microplitishyphantriae Ashmead, 1898

Distribution. Canada, USA (Yu et al. 2016).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Washington DC (Ashmead 1898)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Yu et al. 2016).

﻿﻿Trigonalidae 钩腹蜂科

Lycogasterpullatanevadensis (Cresson, 1879)

Distribution. Nearctic (Townes 1956).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Boulder, Colorado (Townes 1956)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Probably a hyperparasitoid (Townes 1956).

﻿﻿Chalcididae 小蜂科

Brachymeriafemorata (Panzer, 1801)

Distribution. Europe, Asia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Brachymerialasus (Walker, 1841)

Distribution. Australian, Europe, Asia, North Africa, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Tokyo (Tamura 1969 as B.obscurata), China [Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)], China (Yang et al. 2008), Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)].

Host stage. Larva (Ran and Zhao 1989), Pupa only in summer generations (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989), gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 6.4 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 6.6–16.7% (Yang et al. 2008).

Brachymeriaovata (Say, 1824)

Distribution. Nearctic, Neotropical (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Peck 1963).

Host stage. Pupa (McDermott 1911; Burks 1936).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Brachymeriatibialis (Walker, 1834)

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, East Asia, South Asia, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as B.intermedia), Italy (Boriani 1991 as B.intermedia).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Brachymeriasubconica Boucek, 1992

Distribution. Nearctic, Neotropical (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Mexico [Nuevo Leon (Noyes 2019)].

Host stage. Larva (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Primary, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Conurameteori Burks, 1940

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Peck 1963 as Ceratostnicrameteori).

Host stage. Cocoon (Riley 1888).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Riley 1888), polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Dirhinushimalayanus Westwood, 1836

Distribution. India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Turkmenistan, former USSR (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Habu 1960 as D.luzonensis).

Host stage. Pupa (Habu 1960).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid of tachinid, polyphagous (Habu 1960).

﻿﻿Encyrtidae 跳小蜂科

Exoristobiaklinoclavata Xu, 2000

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Larva or pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid, endoparasitoid, gregarious (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. 47 wasps were reared on average from 1 host puparium, parasitoid female to male ratio 6.2, parasitism rate 1.6% (Yang et al. 2008).

﻿﻿Eulophidae 姬小蜂科

Aprostocetusesurus Riley, 1879

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Washington DC (Marlatt 1903; Peck 1963 as Syntomosphyrumesurus).

Host stage. Pupa (Marlatt 1903), larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Marlatt 1903), polyphagous (Peck 1963).

Aprostocetusmagniventer Yang, 2003

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Yantai City, Shandong Province] (Yang et al. 2003b).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2003b).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2003b).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2.6, highest parasitism rate 3.5% (Yang et al. 2003b).

Baryscapuscoerulescens Ashmead, 1898

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA (Swain 1937 as Tctrasticlmsdotcni), North America (Peck 1963 as Tetrastinhuscoerulescens).

Host stage. Pupa (Swain 1937).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Swain 1937; Noyes 2019).

Chouioiacunea Yang, 1989

Distribution. China, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong County, Shaanxi Province (types); Beijing City (Yang 1989)], Italy [Cremona, Mantova, Pumenengo Bergamo (Boriani 1991), Pontirolo Nuovo, Bergamo; Eraclea, Venezia (Boriani 1994b), Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)], South Korea (Kim et al. 2011), Turkey [Samsun region (Sullivan et al. 2011); Düzce (Avci et al. 2022)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang 1989).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious parasitism, polyphagous, hyperparasitoid of tachinids (Yang 1989).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 68, the highest parasitism rate 83.2% (in lab) (Yang 1989). Average parasitism 1.9%, average clutch size 117, average parasitoid female to male ratio 44.5 (Sullivan et al. 2011).

Elachertuscacoeciae Howard, 1885

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Washington DC (Howard 1885), North America (Peck 1963).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Primary (Howard 1885).

Elachertuscidariae Ashmead, 1898

Distribution. Bermuda, Canada, USA; induced to former Yugoslavia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England or New York or New Jersey (Schaffner and Griswold 1934 as E.hyphantriae and E.marylandicus), North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as E.hyphantriae; Burks 1979 as E.hyphantriae and E.marylandicus), USA [West Virgnia (Butler 1993)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967 as E.hyphantriae).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous, ectoparasitoid (Noyes 2019).

Notes. Parasitism rate 0.2% (Nordin et al. 1972 as E.hyphantriae).

Elasmusatratus Howard, 1897

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick; Nova Scotia] (Morris 1976a).

Host stage. Cocoon (Morris 1976a).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Morris 1976a), polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Notes. Most prevalent hyperparasitoid (Morris 1976a).

Elasmusnigrescens Ashmead, 1895

Unavailable name, determinations made by Mr. W. H. Ashmead (Webster 1895).

Distribution. USA (Webster 1895).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Warren County, Southern Ohio (Webster 1895)].

Host stage. Cocoon (Webster 1895).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Webster 1895).

Elasmuspullatus Howard, 1885

Distribution. USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Ohio, Missouri, Kans (Peck 1963)].

Elasmusvarius Howard, 1885

Distribution. USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA (Peck 1963).

Neochrysocharishyphantriae Yoshimoto, 1978

Distribution. Mexico, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Mexico (Yoshimoto 1978).

Host stage. Pupa (Yoshimoto 1978).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Yoshimoto 1978).

Pediobiusbruchicida Rondani, 1872

Distribution. Afrotropical, Australia, Europe, Palaearctic, West Asia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Host stage. Pupa (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Facultative hyperparasitoid, endoparasitoid, gregarious (Noyes 2019).

Pediobiuselasmi (Ashmead, 1904)

Distribution. Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2.8–13.6 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 2.6% (Yang et al. 2008).

Pediobiuspupariae Yang, 2015

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2015b).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2015b).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2015b).

Pediobiuspyrgo Walker, 1839

Distribution. Europe, Nearctic, Oriental, Palaearctic (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Host stage. Pupa (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Primary, hyperparasitoid (Noyes 2019).

Rhicnopeltecrassicornis Nees, 1834

Distribution. Palaearctic, Europe, West Asia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Iran [Gilan, Rezvanshahr (Yefremova et al. 2007)].

Host stage. Larva (Yefremova et al. 2007)

Parasitoid type. Gregarious parasitism, ectoparasitoid (Yefremova et al. 2007)

Tetrastichomyiaclisiocampae (Ashmead, 1894)

Distribution. Italy, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Pontirolo Nuovo, Bergamo (Boriani 1994b)] (Boriani 1991 as Tetrastichusgoidanichi).

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994b).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, hyperparasitoid (Boriani 1994b).

Tetrastichuslitoreus Yang, Qiao & Han, 2003

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province (Yang et al. 2003a)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2003a).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2003a).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 5 (Yang et al. 2003a) and 3 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 0.1% (Yang et al. 2008).

Tetrastichusnigricoxae Yang, 2003

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Yangling City, Shaanxi Province; Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province (Yang and Wei 2003)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang and Wei 2003).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious, oligophagous parasitism (Yang and Wei 2003).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.9, parasitism rate 6.2–13.4% (Yang and Wei 2003).

Tetrastichusseptentrionalis Yang, 2001

Distribution. China, South Korea (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Tianjin City; Dalian City, Liaoning Province; Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province; Yantai City, Shandong Province], South Korea [Seoul] (Yang et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2011).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2001).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious, oligophagous (Yang et al. 2001).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 10, the highest parasitism rate 24% (Yang et al. 2001), 3.2% (Yang et al. 2008).

Tetrastichusshandongensis Yang, 2003

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Yantai City, Shandong Province (Yang and Wei 2003)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang and Wei 2003).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious (Yang and Wei 2003).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 3.2, the parasitism rate 6.2% (Yang and Wei 2003), 3.6% (Yang et al. 2008).

Trichospilusalbiflagellatus Yang & Wang, 2015

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Yantai City, Shandong Province (Yang et al. 2015a)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2015a).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious (Yang et al. 2015a).

Notes. Average parasitoid female to male ratio 58.56, highest parasitism rate 28.6% (Yang et al. 2001).

﻿﻿Eupelmidae 旋小蜂科

Eupelmusfulvipes Förster, 1860

Distribution. Austria, Azerbaijan, China, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Turkey (Gibson and Fusu 2016; Noyes 2019; Yang et al. 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Qinhuangdao City, Heibei Province (Yang et al. 2008)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious, endoparasitoid (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitism rates 0.1%, 3 females were reared from a single pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

﻿﻿Eurytomidae 广肩小蜂科

Eurytomaappendigaster Swederus, 1795

Distribution. Europe, North Africa, North America, China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Host stage. Pupa (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Primary, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Eurytomagoidanichi Boucek, 1970

Distribution. Europe, Iran (Noyes 2019), China (Yang et al. 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008)

Parasitoid type. Gregarious, hyperparasitoid (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2.2, parasitism rate 22% (Yang et al. 2008).

Eurytomarosae Nees, 1834

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North Africa, Argentina (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Romania [Piatra Craiului National Park (Popescu 2006)].

Host stage. Pupa (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Primary, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Eurytomaverticillata (Fabricius, 1798)

Distribution. Europe, East Asia, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Eraclea, Venezia (Boriani 1994b)].

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994b).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, hyperparasitoid, polyphagous (Boriani 1994b).

﻿﻿Perilampidae 巨胸小蜂科

Perilampushyalinus Say, 1929

Distribution. Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada, USA (Peck 1963).

Host stage. Pupa or cocoon (Smith 1912).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Smith 1912; Tripp 1962).

﻿﻿Pteromalidae 金小蜂科

Catolaccusaeneoviridis Girault, 1911

Distribution. Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, USA, Nearctic (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)].

Host stage. Cocoon (Swain 1937).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Swain 1937).

Coelopisthiaextenta (Walker, 1835)

Distribution. Europe, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Pontirolo Nuovo, Bergamo; Eraclea, Venezia (Boriani 1994b)].

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994b).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious, hyperparasitoid (Boriani 1994b).

Conomoriumamplum (Walker, 1835)

Distribution. Belgium, Canary Islands, Czech, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Madeira, Netherlands, China, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tselinograd Obl., UK, Uzbekistan (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Pianengo, Cremona; Bisnate, Milano, Pontirolo Nuovo, Bergamo (Boriani 1991 as C.patulum; Boriani 1994a)], Turkey [Samsun region (Sullivan et al. 2011)].

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994a).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious (Boriani 1994a).

Notes. Average parasitism 0.047%, average clutch size 1.5, average parasitoid female to male ratio 0.5 (Sullivan et al. 2011).

Conomoriumcuneae Yang & Baur, 2004

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Tianjin City; Yantai City, Shandong Province; Wugong City, Shaanxi Province, Dalian City, Liaoning Province; Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province (Yang and Baur 2004)].

Host stage. Pupa (Yang and Baur 2004).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious (Yang and Baur 2004).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 7.5, highest parasitism rate 3.6–12.2% (Yang and Baur 2004), 1.2% (Yang et al. 2008).

Dibrachysmaculipennis Szelenyi, 1957

Distribution. Canada, Hungary, Kirgizia, Slovakia, Sweden (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Host stage. Cocoon (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Noyes 2019).

Dibrachysmicrogastri (Bouche, 1834)

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Pontirolo Nuovo, Bergamo (Boriani 1994b as D.boarmiae)], China (Yang et al. 2008 as D.cavus), Turkey [Samsun region (Sullivan et al. 2011 as D.boarmiae)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994b), larva-pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious, hyperparasitoid, polyphagous (Boriani 1994b), gregarious, hyperparasitoid (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 8.0, highest parasitism rate 0.15% (Yang et al. 2008). Average parasitism 1.2%, average clutch size 10, average female to male ratio 24 (Sullivan et al. 2011).

Dirhinusanthracia Walker, 1846

Distribution. Australia, India, Philippines, South Africa, China, Vietnam, Zambia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South Korea (Kim et al. 2011).

Host stage. Pupa (Kim et al. 2011).

Parasitoid type. polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Hypopteromalusinimicus Muesebeck, 1927

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (Morris 1976a)].

Host stage. Cocoon (Morris 1976a).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Morris 1976a).

Hypopteromaluspercussor Girault, 1917

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA Colorado (Swain 1937)].

Host stage. Cocoon (Swain 1937).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Swain 1937).

Hypopteromalustabacum Fitch, 1864

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA (Peck 1951).

Psychophagusomnivorus (Walker, 1835)

Distribution. Europe, West Asia, North Africa, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Samsun region (Sullivan et al. 2011), Italy (Boriani 1991), Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)]

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2011).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious, polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Notes. Average parasitism 6.7%, average clutch size 60, average parasitoid female to male ratio 0.92 (Sullivan et al. 2011).

Pteromalusapum Retzius, 1783

Distribution. Argentina, Canada, Russia, USA, Europe (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Pteromalusplaniscuta).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Pteromalusbifoveolatus Foerster, 1861

Distribution. Europe (Noyes 2019), China (Yang et al. 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious parasitism (Yang et al. 2008)., polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 5.5, highest parasitism rate 0.2% (Yang et al. 2008).

Pteromalusegregious Foerster, 1841

Distribution. Canada, Germany, Hungary, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Pteromalusphycidis Ashmead, 1898

Distribution. Canada, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Noyes 2019).

Trichomalopsiscotesiae Yang, 2015

Distribution. China (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2015b).

Host stage. Larva (Yang et al. 2015b).

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Yang et al. 2015b).

Trichomalopsisgenalis (Graham, 1969)

Distribution. Europe (Noyes 2019), China (Yang et al. 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. 4th instar larva (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Gregarious, polyphagous (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.6, parasitism rate 0.2% (Yang et al. 2008).

Trichomalopsisgermanica (Graham, 1969)

Distribution. Germany, Sweden (Noyes 2019), China (Yang et al. 2008).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China (Yang et al. 2008 as T.germanicus).

Host stage. Pupa (Yang et al. 2008)

Parasitoid type. Gregarious, hyperparasitoid (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 2, highest parasitism rate 15% (Yang et al. 2008).

Trichomalopsishemiptera Walker, 1835

Distribution. Europe, North America, East Asia (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [New England (Peck 1963 as Eupterotnalushernipterus, laboratory rearing)].

Parasitoid type. Hyperparasitoid (Noyes 2019).

﻿﻿Torymidae 长尾小蜂科

Monodontomerusaeneus Fonscolombe, 1832

Distribution. Europe, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, USA, Chile (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Monodontomerusaereus Walker, 1834

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America, Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Monodontomerusdentipes Dalman, 1820

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Monodontomerusminor (Ratzeburg, 1848)

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy [Eraclea, Venezia (Boriani 1994b)], China (Yang et al. 2008).

Host stage. Pupa (Boriani 1994b), larva-pupa (Yang et al. 2008).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, gregarious, hyperparasitoid, polyphagous (Boriani 1994b), hyperparasitoid (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.4, highest parasitism rate 0.15% (Yang et al. 2008).

﻿﻿Trichogrammatidae 赤眼蜂科

Trichogrammabrassicae Bezdenko, 1968

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Australia, North America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Turkey [Düzce (Avci et al. 2022)].

Host stage. Egg (Avci et al. 2022).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammacacaeciae Marchal, 1927

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America, South America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Moldova (Plugaru 1979).

Host stage. Egg (Plugaru 1979).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammadendrolimi Matsumura, 1926

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Chile (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Asia (Warren and Tadić 1967), South Korea (Noyes 2019), China [Beijing, tested in lab, unpublished data, CLM].

Host stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967; Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous, primary (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammaevanescens Westwood, 1833

Distribution. Europe, Asia, North America, South America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammaminutum Riley, 1871

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967), Italy (Viggiani and Laudonia 1989).

Host stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammaostriniae Pang & Chen, 1974

Distribution. China, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, USA (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Beijing, tested in lab, unpublished data, CLM].

Host stage. Egg (unpublished data).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

Trichogrammapiceum Dyurich, 1987

Distribution. Italy, Moldova (Noyes 2019).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Noyes 2019).

Host stage. Egg (Noyes 2019).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Noyes 2019).

﻿﻿Scelionidae 缘腹细蜂科

Telenomuschloropus (Thomson, 1861)

Distribution. Ukraine, Turkey, UK, Russia, Moldavia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Far East, France, Hungary, Japan, Spain, Sweden, USA, Ireland, Iran (Samin et al. 2010).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1970 as Telenomusmayri).

Host stage. Egg (Warren and Tadić 1970).

Telenomusbifidus Riley, 1887

Distribution. USA (Riley 1887a).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Washington, D.C. (Riley 1887a)].

Host stage. Egg (Riley 1887a).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, oligophagous (Riley 1887b),

Notes. Parasitize eggs of first and second generations of fall webworm. Useful natural enemy (Riley 1887a).

﻿﻿Diptera

﻿Tachinidae 寄蝇科

Archytas (Nemochaeta) aterrimus (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Bactromyiaaurulenta (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Transcaucasia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Honshu, Ibaraki (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Bessaparallela (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Armenia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)], Serbia, Hungary, Japan, Montenegro, Moldova [Kishinev], Russia [European part], Japan [Honshu, Tokyo, Fuchu, Nara] (Tschorsnig 2017). Asia, Europe (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012 as Bessaselecta, Ptychomyiaselecta).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967 as B.fugax and B.selecta).

Blepharipasericariae (Rondani, 1870)

Distribution. Palaearctic: China, Japan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Honshu, Tokyo] (Tschorsnig 2017).

Blepharipazebina (Walker, 1849)

Distribution. China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)].

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Blondeliaeufitchiae (Townsend, 1892)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Masiceraeufitchiae)], North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Blondeliahyphantria (Tothill, 1922)

Distribution. Canada, USA, China (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada (Tothill 1922 as Lydellahyphantriae), USA [Colorado] (Swain 1937 as Anetiahyphantriae and Lydellahyphantriae), North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva-pupa (Tothill 1922), larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Solitary (Tothill 1922).

Notes. Maggot travels from one feeding area to another (Tothill 1922).

Blondelianigripes (Fallén, 1810)

Distribution. Central Asia, China, Japan, South Korea, Iran, Mongolia, Russia, Transcaucasia, Europe (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012), Hungary, Russia (Tschorsnig 2017).

Blondeliaobconica (Walker, 1853)

Distribution. USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012 as Tachinaobconica).

Cadurcia sp.

Distribution. Europe (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Carceliabombylans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Russia, Azerbaijan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991). Serbia, Italy [Lombardia, Mantua] (Tschorsnig 2017).

Carceliagnava (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Armenia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South Korea (Tschorsnig 2017).

Carceliakockiana (Townsend, 1927)

Distribution. China (Ran and Zhao 1989), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong County, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)].

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Carceliamatsukarehae (Shima, 1969)

Distribution. China, Japan, Russia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Shandong (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Carceliaprotuberans (Aldrich & Webber, 1924)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Zenilliaprotuberans)], North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Carceliasumatrana Townsend, 1927

Distribution. China, Japan, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Honshu, Tokyo, Fuchu City (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Ceromasiaauricaudata Townsend, 1908

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Ceromasiarubrifrons (Macquart, 1834)

Distribution. Uzbekistan, China, Europe, Japan, Israel, Mongolia, Morocco, Russia, Transcaucasia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Moldova (Tschorsnig 2017).

Chetogenaclaripennis (Macquart, 1848)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Phoroceraclaripennis)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Euphoroceraclaripenn, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Chetogenascutellaris (van der Wulp, 1890)

Distribution. USA, Venezuela (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Phorocerafloridensis)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Euphorocerafloridensis, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012), Mexico [Tamaulipas (Kasparyan and Pinson 2007)].

Clemelispullata (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Israel, Mongolia, Morocco, Russia, Armenia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Moldova [Cahul (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Compsiluraconcinnata (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. Canada, USA, China, Europe, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nigeria, South Africa, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Papua New Guinea (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada (Morris 1976b), Italy (Boriani 1991), Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2012)], Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)], Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)], China (Yang et al. 2008). Austria [Burgenland, Weiden], Serbia [Vojvodina], Hungary, Romania [Bukarest], Ukraine [Transcarpathia], Slovakia [Gabčíkovo, Nitra env.], Japan [Honshu, Gunma], France [Gironde and/or Landes], Bulgaria [Silistra], Turkey [Samsun], Moldova, Italy [Lombardia, Ponte Merlano, Emilia-Romagna, Mantova], Russia, [Voronezh Region], Azerbaijan [Guba-Khachmaz Region], China [Shangdong, Hebei, Liaoning] (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Pupa and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), pupa (Sullivan et al. 2012).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary or gregarious, polyphagous (Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Parasitism rate is higher for wandering H.cunea larvae than in feeding larvae (Watanabe 2005). Parasitoid female to male ratio 1.5 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 2% (Yang et al. 2008). Female injects fully incubated eggs directly into the host haemocoel. Parasitism 0.14% in Samsun (Sullivan et al. 2012).

Drinofacialis (Townsend, 1928)

Distribution. China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)].

Host stage. Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Drinoinconspicua (Meigen, 1830)

Distribution. China, Europe, Algeria, Egypt, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012 as Drina incospicua, Sturmiainconspicua), Serbia [Vojvodina], Hungary (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Drinoinconspicuoides (Baranov, 1932)

Distribution. China, Japan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)].

Notes. Parasitism rate is higher in wandering H.cunea larvae than in feeding larvae (Watanabe 2005).

Eurysthaeascutellaris (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1849)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Serbia (Tschorsnig 2017).

Exoristafasciata (Fallén, 1820)

Distribution. China, Europe, Mongolia, Egypt, Russia, Transcaucasia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989); Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985)].

Host stage. Pupa and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), Pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Exoristajaponica (Townsend, 1909)

Distribution. China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, India, Nepal, Vietnam (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shi 1981); Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)], China (Yang et al. 2008), Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)]. Japan [Honshu, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanazawa], South Korea (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Larva to pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989; Yang et al. 2008).

Notes. Female oviposits on surface of host. Parasitism rate is higher for wandering H.cunea larvae than in feeding larvae (Watanabe 2005); parasitoid female to male ratio 1.5 (Yang et al. 2008); parasitism rate 10% (Shu and Yu 1985), 4–15.7% (Yang et al. 2008).

Exoristalarvarum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, China, Europe, Japan, North Korea, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Egypt, Russia, India (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991), Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)], Turkey [Düzce (Avci et al. 2022)]. Austria [Burgenland, Weiden], Serbia [Vojvodina], Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Moldova, Italy [Lombardia, Ponte Merlano], Russia, Azerbaijan (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Exoristarustica (Fallén, 1810)

Distribution. China, Europe, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Israel, Mongolia, Egypt, Russia, Transcaucasia, Thailand (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Hungary (Tschorsnig 2017).

Exoristasegregata (Rondani, 1859)

Distribution. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Europe, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Mongolia, Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Serbia, Hungary (Tschorsnig 2017).

Exoristasorbillans (Wiedemann, 1830)

Distribution. Tajikistan, China, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, Austria, France, Japan, South Korea, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, Canary Islands, Egypt, Russia, Cameroon, D.R. Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, India, Australia, Lord Howe Island, Papua New Guinea (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Shandong (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Exoristaxanthaspis (Wiedemann, 1830)

Distribution. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Europe, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Egypt, Russia, Transcaucasia, Africa, U.A. Emirates, Yemen, India, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Serbia [Vojvodina], Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria [Silistra region], Russia (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Pupa and larva (Warren and Tadić 1967 as E.fallax).

Goniabimaculata Wiedemann, 1819

Distribution. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Europe, Iran, Israel, “Palestine”, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Tunisia, Azerbaijan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Serbia [Vojvodina (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Hyphantrophagablanda (Osten Sacken, 1887)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [Quebec (Beaulne 1939 as Zenillablanda)], Canada (Morris 1976b as Eusisyropablanda).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), larva of later instar (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b).

Hyphantrophagahyphantriae (Townsend, 1891)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Hyphantrophagadesmiae)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Hyphantrophagadesmiae, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Hyphantrophagavirilis (Aldrich & Webber, 1924)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Costa Rica, Mexico (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Zenilliavirilis)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Eusisyropavirilis, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Hystriciaabrupta (Wiedemann, 1830)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Mexico (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Bombyliopsisabrupta)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Bombyliopsisabrupta, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Isosturmiapicta (Baranov, 1932)

Distribution. China, Japan, South Korea, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. South Korea (Tschorsnig 2017).

Kuwanimyiaconspersa Townsend, 1916

Distribution. China, Japan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Honshu, Tokyo, Asukayama (Tschorsnig 2017)].

Lespesiaaletiae (Riley, 1879)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil,

Uruguay (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Achaetoneuraaletia)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967; Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Swain 1937; Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid.

Lespesiaarchippivora (Riley, 1871)

Distribution. Canada, USA, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Trinidad and Tobago, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Lespesiafrenchii (Williston, 1889)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Achaetoneurafrenchii)].

Host stage. Larva (Swain 1937; Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid.

Myiopharusfloridensis (Townsend, 1892)

Distribution. USA, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Mexico (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Euphorocerofloridensis).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Nemoraeapellucida (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Iran, Algeria, Russia, Georgia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991), Turkey [Samsun Province (Sullivan et al. 2012)]. France [Gironde and/or Landes], Turkey [Tekirdağ, Samsun, Saricakaya, Adapazari], Italy [Emilia-Romagna, Mantova, Lombardia, Mantua, Veneto, Pavia], Romania [Bukarest] (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Pupa (Sullivan et al. 2012).

Parasitoid type. Endoparasitoid, solitary, polyphagous.

Notes. Female deposits fully developed eggs near hosts, and eggs develop into planidium-type larvae that mount and enter the hosts. Parasitism rate 2.4–19.4% in Samsun (Sullivan et al. 2012).

Nileahortulana (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Russia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Tschorsnig 2017).

Palespavida (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. Turkmenistan, China, Europe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, Morocco, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. China [Dandong City, Liaoning Province (Shu and Yu 1985 as Centophorocerapavida); Wugong Conty, Shaanxi Province (Ran and Zhao 1989)], Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)], Turkey [Düzce (Avci et al. 2022)]. Japan [Tokyo, Koto, Tachikawa, Honshu], Serbia [Vojvodina], Hungary, Montenegro, Moldova, China [Liaoning], Russia, Ukraine [Crimea, Yarkoe Pole], Turkey [Samsun], Italy [Pavia, Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Lombardia] (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), pupa (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, polyphagous (Ran and Zhao 1989).

Panzeriaaldrichi (Townsend, 1892)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Varichaetaaldrichi)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Mericiaaldrichi, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Panzeriaampelus (Walker, 1849)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Panzeriaradicum, Ernestiaampelus)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Ernestiaampelus, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012), Canada (Morris 1976b as Mericiaampelus).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967), Later instar larvae (Morris 1976b).

Parasitoid type. Solitary, endoparasitoid, koinobiont (Morris 1976b).

Notes. Univoltine in Canada, female deposits larvae on foliage near H.cunea colonies, parasitoid larvae attack host larvae they contact (Morris 1976b).

Panzeriaarcuata (Tothill, 1921)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Panzeriajohnsoni (Tothill, 1921)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937 as Ernestiajohnsoni)], North America (Warren and Tadić 1967 as Mericiajohnsoni, Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Patelloaleucaniae (Coquillett, 1897)

Distribution. Canada, USA (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. North America (Warren and Tadić 1967; Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Pseudogoniaparisiaca (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851)

Distribution. China, Europe, Kazakhstan, Russia, Transcaucasia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Tschorsnig 2017).

Senometopiaprima (Baranov, 1931)

Distribution. China, Japan, India, Indonesia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Tschorsnig 2017).

Sturmiabella (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. Central Asia, China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Middle East, Morocco, Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan (Tschorsnig 2017).

Tachinapraeceps Meigen, 1824

Distribution. Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Europe, Kazakhstan, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, North Africa, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Moldova (Tschorsnig 2017).

Thelairanigripes (Fabricius, 1794)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Iran, Russia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Russia, Serbia (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Winthemia sp.

Distribution. North America.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. USA [Colorado (Swain 1937)], North America (Sullivan and Ozman-Sullivan 2012).

Zenilliadolosa (Meigen, 1824)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Russia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Japan [Tsukuba (Watanabe 2005)].

Zenillialibatrix (Panzer, 1797)

Distribution. China, Europe, Japan, Iran, Russia, Armenia (O’Hara et al. 2020).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Italy (Boriani 1991). Italy, Japan (Tschorsnig 2017).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

﻿﻿Odiniidae 树创蝇科

? Odiniamaculata (Meigen, 1830)

Distribution. North America.

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Canada [Quebec (Beaulne 1939)].

Notes.Gaimari and Mathis (2011) cataloged O.maculata as a synonym of O.trinotata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, but the latter is only distributed in Europe in their catalogue; Beaulne (1939) noted O.maculata was a parasitoid of H.cunea, which may be a misidentification.

﻿﻿Sarcophagidae 麻蝇科

Sarcophagacarnaria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Distribution. Palaearctic (Pape 1996).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous.

﻿﻿Muscidae 蝇科

Muscadomestica Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution. Originated from central Asia, but now occurs on all inhabited continents, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, Arctic, Americas (Hewitt 2011).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Pupa and Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous.

Muscinastabulans (Fallén, 1817)

Distribution. Cosmopolitan (de Carvalho et al. 2005).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Europe (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Host stage. Larva (Warren and Tadić 1967).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous.

﻿﻿Phoridae 蚤蝇科

Megaseliascalaris (Loew, 1866)

Distribution. Europe, Africa, Asia, Americas (Karami et al. 2023).

Recorded interactions with H.cunea. Iran [Guilan province (Karami et al. 2023)].

Host stage. Pupa (Karami et al. 2023).

Parasitoid type. Polyphagous (Karami et al. 2023).

﻿﻿Discussion

The diversity of H.cunea predators and parasitoids differs among its native and invaded ranges. In North America, where H.cunea is native, 128 predators and 76 parasitoids have been reported. Hyphantriacunea is not considered a major pest in North America, which is likely attributed, in part, to its long co-evolutionary history with its natural enemies such as birds, spiders, and insects (Schowalter and Ring 2017). In the Eastern Hemisphere, 78 predators and 62 parasitoids have been reported in Asia, and 88 predators and 68 parasitoids have been reported in Europe. Currently, H.cunea is rarely reported as causing significant damage in some countries such as Hungary, Italy, and Japan: H.cunea was introduced into these countries in the 1940’s, and it is possible that native enemies have had sufficient time to adapt to H.cunea and help control its outbreaks. However, in newly invaded countries such as China, Iran, and Turkey, H.cunea outbreaks frequently occur, possibly because native natural predators in these countries are still adapting to H.cunea.

﻿﻿Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Dr Reza Zahiri (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany), Dr James K. Adams (Department of Biology, Dalton State College, Dalton, Georgia, USA), and Dr Hui-lin Han (Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China) for their critical reading of and helpful comments on the manuscript.

﻿Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

The National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFD1400300); Development Funding from Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry (99801-2023).

Author contributions

Funding acquisition: XYW. Methodology: LMC, TMP. Resources: TRP. Writing - original draft: LMC. Writing - review and editing: XYW, LMC, TRP, TMP.

Author ORCIDs

Liang Ming Cao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-6719

Xiao Yi Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-6642

Toby R. Petrice https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-577X

Therese M. Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7684-1306

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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