PMID- 10443672
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19990819
LR  - 20100825
IS  - 0021-972X (Print)
IS  - 0021-972X (Linking)
VI  - 84
IP  - 8
DP  - 1999 Aug
TI  - Human growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) and its novel homolog GDF-9B are
      expressed in oocytes during early folliculogenesis.
PG  - 2744-50
AB  - Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) is a transforming growth factor-beta
      family member that is required for normal folliculogenesis in female mice, but
      its role as a regulator of human fertility is still unclear. We determined here
      by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses the localization of the
      GDF-9 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein during human
      folliculogenesis. The GDF-9 transcripts were not detected in primordial
      follicles, but they are abundantly expressed in primary follicles in frozen
      sections of ovarian cortical tissue material obtained at laparoscopic surgery. We
      raised antipeptide antibodies against GDF-9 and showed by immunohistochemical
      studies on paraffin sections of whole human ovaries that the GDF-9 protein is
      most abundantly expressed in primary follicles. We recently demonstrated that a
      novel GDF-9-related factor, GDF-9B, is coexpressed with GDF-9 during murine
      folliculogenesis. We now isolated human GDF-9B complementary DNA and genomic
      clones and report the unusually restricted expression pattern of human GDF-9B.
      The human GDF-9B transcript can be detected only in the gonads by RT-PCR
      analysis, and in situ hybridization studies indicate that it is not expressed in 
      small primary follicles but, rather, in the oocytes of late primary follicles.
      Functional studies using the Xenopus laeuis embryo model indicate that unlike the
      transforming growth factor-beta family members activin and bone morphogenetic
      protein-4, neither GDF-9 nor GDF-9B affects mesoderm induction, suggesting that
      they may use signaling pathways distinct from those well defined for activin and 
      bone morphogenetic protein-4. We conclude that 1) both GDF-9 mRNA and protein are
      abundantly expressed in oocytes of primary follicles in human ovary, suggesting
      that the GDF-9 transcript is translated at this early stage of folliculogenesis; 
      2) human GDF-9B is specifically expressed in gonads at low levels; and 3) the
      expression of GDF-9 mRNA begins slightly earlier than that of GDF-9B in the human
      oocytes during follicular development. Our results are consistent with the
      suggestion that GDF-9 and GDF-9B may regulate human folliculogenesis in a manner 
      specific to the ovary.
FAU - Aaltonen, J
AU  - Aaltonen J
AD  - Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of
      Helsinki, Finland. johanna.aaltonen@helsinki.fi
FAU - Laitinen, M P
AU  - Laitinen MP
FAU - Vuojolainen, K
AU  - Vuojolainen K
FAU - Jaatinen, R
AU  - Jaatinen R
FAU - Horelli-Kuitunen, N
AU  - Horelli-Kuitunen N
FAU - Seppa, L
AU  - Seppa L
FAU - Louhio, H
AU  - Louhio H
FAU - Tuuri, T
AU  - Tuuri T
FAU - Sjoberg, J
AU  - Sjoberg J
FAU - Butzow, R
AU  - Butzow R
FAU - Hovata, O
AU  - Hovata O
FAU - Dale, L
AU  - Dale L
FAU - Ritvos, O
AU  - Ritvos O
LA  - eng
SI  - GENBANK/AJ132405
GR  - Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - J Clin Endocrinol Metab
JT  - The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
JID - 0375362
RN  - 0 (BMP15 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Bmp15 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15)
RN  - 0 (GDF9 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Gdf9 protein, mouse)
RN  - 0 (Growth Differentiation Factor 9)
RN  - 0 (Growth Substances)
RN  - 0 (Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
SB  - AIM
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Animals
MH  - Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15
MH  - Female
MH  - Growth Differentiation Factor 9
MH  - Growth Substances/*analysis/genetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
MH  - Mesoderm/physiology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Oocytes/*chemistry
MH  - Ovarian Follicle/*physiology
MH  - RNA, Messenger/analysis
MH  - Xenopus laevis/embryology
EDAT- 1999/08/12 00:00
MHDA- 1999/08/12 00:01
CRDT- 1999/08/12 00:00
PHST- 1999/08/12 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1999/08/12 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1999/08/12 00:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1210/jcem.84.8.5921 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Aug;84(8):2744-50. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.8.5921.