PMID- 10411278
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19990901
LR  - 20190910
IS  - 0192-0561 (Print)
IS  - 0192-0561 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 1
DP  - 1999 Jan
TI  - Imiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of 
      drug.
PG  - 1-14
AB  - Imiquimod (S-26308, R-837) (1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4 
      amine), an immune response modifier, demonstrates potent antiviral and antitumor 
      activity in animal models (see structure in Fig. 1). The drug exhibits no direct 
      antiviral or antiproliferative activity when tested in a number of cell culture 
      systems. Imiquimod's activity was discovered while screening for anti-herpes 
      virus activity. One of the first analogs in the series, S-25059 was tested in the 
      early 1980's and due to slight toxicity, caused slightly reduced herpes 
      cytopathology in Vero cell cultures. Follow-up testing in herpes infected guinea 
      pigs showed complete protection toward lesion development. Activity of these 
      drugs results primarily from interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) induction and other 
      cytokine induction. At least part of the cytokine induction is mediated through 
      NF-kappaB activation. These cytokines stimulate several other aspects of the 
      innate immune response. In addition, imiquimod stimulates acquired immunity, in 
      particular the cellular arm which is important for control of viral infections 
      and various tumors. This effect is mediated by drug induced IFN-alpha and 
      Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IFN-gamma induced by these cytokines. Imiquimod is 
      expected to be effective where exogenous IFN-alpha has shown utility and where 
      enhancement of cell-mediated immunity is needed. The following is a brief review 
      of the preclinical pharmacology of imiquimod and the clinical results of genital 
      wart trials. The mechanism of action of topically applied imiquimod will likely 
      lead to benefits in several other chronic virus infections and tumors of the 
      skin. Two other reviews on imiquimod that focus mainly on the clinical results 
      have been published (Beutner & Geisse, 1997; Slade, Owens, Tomai & Miller, 1998).
FAU - Miller, R L
AU  - Miller RL
AD  - 3M Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
FAU - Gerster, J F
AU  - Gerster JF
FAU - Owens, M L
AU  - Owens ML
FAU - Slade, H B
AU  - Slade HB
FAU - Tomai, M A
AU  - Tomai MA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Immunopharmacol
JT  - International journal of immunopharmacology
JID - 7904799
RN  - 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
RN  - 0 (Aminoquinolines)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - P1QW714R7M (Imiquimod)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
MH  - Administration, Topical
MH  - Aminoquinolines/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Imiquimod
RF  - 58
EDAT- 1999/07/20 00:00
MHDA- 1999/07/20 00:01
CRDT- 1999/07/20 00:00
PHST- 1999/07/20 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1999/07/20 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1999/07/20 00:00 [entrez]
AID - S019205619800068X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/s0192-0561(98)00068-x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999 Jan;21(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/s0192-0561(98)00068-x.