PMID- 10404045
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 19990819
LR  - 20190818
IS  - 0300-9475 (Print)
IS  - 0300-9475 (Linking)
VI  - 50
IP  - 1
DP  - 1999 Jul
TI  - Why so many coinhibitory receptors?
PG  - 10-3
AB  - Receptors that display negative signalling functions on lymphocytes and other
      cells of the reticuloendothelial system now number about 30. These negative
      receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins activated by phosphorylation of a
      tyrosine residue in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that bind
      various phosphatases to induce dominant negative signals. Since these receptors
      are armed by the action of activating receptors and inhibit signalling by
      activating receptors, we have termed them coinhibitory receptors and the negative
      outcome is coinhibition. Coinhibitory receptors and some inhibitory mediators
      include FcgammaRIIB, CTLA-4, CD5, CD22, p58/70/140 KIR, gp49B1/gp91, PIRB1-5,
      LAIR-1, NKB1, Ly49 A/C/E/F/G, NKG2-A/B APC-R, CD66, CD72, PD-1, SHPS-1,
      SIRP-alpha1, ILT1-5, MIR7, 10, hMIR(HM18), hMIR(HM9), LIR1-3,5,8, Fas (CD95),
      TGFbeta-R, TNF-R1, IFNgamma-R (alpha and beta chains), mast cell function Ag,
      H2-M, HLA-DM, CD1, CD1-d, CD46, c-cbl, Pyk2/FADK2, P130 Ca rel prot, PGDF-R, LIF,
      LIF-R, CIS, SOCS13 and 5, and others are being defined regularly. This long list 
      suggests that coinhibitors are needed not only for self-nonself discrimination,
      but also for control of ongoing responses to foreign antigens so that infectious 
      agents are ideally dealt with by an appropriate level of immune responses to
      nonself and an appropriate amount of immunopathology and sickness behaviour.
FAU - Sinclair, N R
AU  - Sinclair NR
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario,
      London, Ontario, N6 A 5C1, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - England
TA  - Scand J Immunol
JT  - Scandinavian journal of immunology
JID - 0323767
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Immunologic)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Communicable Diseases/immunology
MH  - Cytokines/immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Receptors, Immunologic/*immunology
MH  - Self Tolerance/immunology
MH  - Virulence
RF  - 28
EDAT- 1999/07/15 00:00
MHDA- 1999/07/15 00:01
CRDT- 1999/07/15 00:00
PHST- 1999/07/15 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 1999/07/15 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 1999/07/15 00:00 [entrez]
AID - sji580 [pii]
AID - 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00580.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Scand J Immunol. 1999 Jul;50(1):10-3. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00580.x.