{ "uniprot_canonical_ac": "O43570-1", "uniprot_ac": "O43570", "uniprot_id": "CAH12_HUMAN", "mass": { "chemical_mass": 39451.0, "monoisotopic_mass": 39451.0 }, "refseq": { "ac": "NP_001209", "name": "carbonic anhydrase 12 isoform 1 precursor", "summary": "Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014].", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" }, "gene_names": [ { "name": "CA12", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "recommended", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "CA-XII; CAXII; HsT18816; T18816", "resource": "RefSeq", "type": "synonym", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209", "id": "NP_001209" }, { "name": "CA12", "resource": "RefSeq", "type": "synonym", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209", "id": "NP_001209" }, { "name": "hCG_2003428", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570", "id": "O43570" } ], "protein_names": [ { "name": "Carbonic anhydrase 12", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "recommended", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "4.2.1.1", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "CA-XII", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "Carbonate dehydratase XII", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "Carbonic anhydrase XII", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "Tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3", "resource": "UniProtKB", "type": "synonym", "url": "", "id": "O43570" }, { "name": "carbonic anhydrase 12 isoform 1 precursor", "resource": "RefSeq", "type": "synonym", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209", "id": "NP_001209" }, { "name": "carbonic dehydratase; carbonate dehydratase XII; carbonic anhydrase XII; tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3", "resource": "RefSeq", "type": "synonym", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209", "id": "NP_001209" } ], "function": [ { "annotation": "Carbonic Anhydrase XII Expression Is Modulated during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Regulated through Protein Kinase C Signaling. Publication Status: Online-Only", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" }, { "database": "PubMed", "id": "31979064", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/31979064" } ] }, { "annotation": "Carbonic anhydrase 12 gene silencing reverses the sensitivity of paclitaxel in drug-resistant breast cancer cells.", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" }, { "database": "PubMed", "id": "34696661", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/34696661" } ] }, { "annotation": "Carbonic anhydrase XII mediates the survival and prometastatic functions of macrophages in human hepatocellular carcinoma.", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" }, { "database": "PubMed", "id": "35362480", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/35362480" } ] }, { "annotation": "Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014].", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ] }, { "annotation": "Our newly identified humanized CA12-antibody with anti-cancer activity, represents a new tool for the treatment of CA12-positive tumors.", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" }, { "database": "PubMed", "id": "31366496", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/31366496" } ] }, { "annotation": "Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570#function" }, { "database": "PubMed", "id": "26911677", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/26911677" }, { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "B3KUB4", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B3KUB4#function" }, { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "RU367011", "url": 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"https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant gastric neoplasm", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", "resource": "MONDO", "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant gastric tumor", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", "resource": "MONDO", "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant gastric tumour", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", "resource": "MONDO", "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant neoplasm of lesser curve of stomach", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", "resource": "MONDO", "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant neoplasm of stomach", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", "resource": "MONDO", "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001056", "name": "malignant neoplasm of the stomach", "description": "" }, { "id": "MONDO:0001056", 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Male", "description": "" }, { "id": "MIM:114480", "resource": "MIM", "url": "https://www.omim.org/entry/114480", "name": "Breast cancer", "description": "Breast cancer" } ] } ] }, { "significant": "Yes", "trend": "up", "name": "Thyroid cancer [DO disease name]", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:1781", "evidence": [ { "database": "BioXpress", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/bioxpress/transcriptview/O43570" } ], "disease": [ { "disease_id": "DOID:1781", "recommended_name": { "id": "DOID:1781", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:1781", "name": "thyroid cancer", "description": "An endocrine gland cancer located in the thryoid gland located in the neck below the thyroid cartilage." }, "synonyms": [ { "id": "DOID:1781", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:1781", "name": "thyroid gland cancer", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:1781", "resource": "Disease Ontology", 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"https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/bioxpress/transcriptview/O43570" } ], "disease": [ { "disease_id": "DOID:263", "recommended_name": { "id": "DOID:263", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:263", "name": "kidney cancer", "description": "A urinary system cancer that is located_in the kidney." }, "synonyms": [ { "id": "DOID:263", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:263", "name": "malignant neoplasm of kidney except pelvis", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:263", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:263", "name": "malignant tumour of kidney", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:263", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:263", "name": "renal cancer", "description": "" } ] } ] }, { "significant": "Yes", "trend": "up", "name": "Liver cancer [DO disease name]", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", "evidence": [ { "database": "BioXpress", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/bioxpress/transcriptview/O43570" } ], "disease": [ { "disease_id": "DOID:3571", "recommended_name": { "id": "DOID:3571", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", "name": "liver cancer", "description": "A hepatobiliary system cancer that is located_in the liver." }, "synonyms": [ { "id": "DOID:3571", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", "name": "Ca liver - primary", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:3571", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", "name": "Resectable malignant neoplasm of Liver", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:3571", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", "name": "hepatic cancer", "description": "" }, { "id": "DOID:3571", "resource": "Disease Ontology", "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:3571", 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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "date": "2001", "authors": "Whittington DA, Waheed A, Ulmasov B, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Sly WS, Christianson DW", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "11493685", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/11493685" } ] }, { "title": "The catalytic properties of human carbonic anhydrase IX.", "journal": "Biochemical and biophysical research communications", "date": "2001", "authors": "Wingo T, Tu C, Laipis PJ, Silverman DN", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "11676494", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/11676494" } ] }, { "title": "Characterization of human carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle.", "journal": "Biochemical genetics", "date": "1979", "authors": "Carter N, Jeffery S, Shiels A, Edwards Y, Tipler T, Hopkinson DA", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "120192", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/120192" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of human and murine mitochondrial isozymes V with anions.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters", "date": "2003", "authors": "Franchi M, Vullo D, Gallori E, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "14611844", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/14611844" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters", "date": "2004", "authors": "Innocenti A, Firnges MA, Antel J, Wurl M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "15501038", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/15501038" } ] }, { "title": "Buffer dependence of CO2 hydration catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase I.", "journal": "Biochimica et biophysica acta", "date": "1992", "authors": "Ren X, Lindskog S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "1554744", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/1554744" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the human transmembrane isozyme XIV with a library of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry", "date": "2005", "authors": "Ozensoy O, Nishimori I, Vullo D, Puccetti L, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "16006130", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/16006130" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The mitochondrial isozyme VB as a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.", "journal": "Journal of medicinal chemistry", "date": "2005", "authors": "Nishimori I, Vullo D, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "16302824", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/16302824" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. DNA cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of the human secretory isoform VI, a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors.", "journal": "Journal of medicinal chemistry", "date": "2007", "authors": "Nishimori I, Minakuchi T, Onishi S, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17228881", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17228881" } ] }, { "title": "Phosph(on)ate as a zinc-binding group in metalloenzyme inhibitors: X-ray crystal structure of the antiviral drug foscarnet complexed to human carbonic anhydrase I.", "journal": "Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.", "date": "2007", "authors": "Temperini C, Innocenti A, Guerri A, Scozzafava A, Rusconi S, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17314045", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17314045" } ] }, { "title": "Structural analysis of charge discrimination in the binding of inhibitors to human carbonic anhydrases I and II.", "journal": "J. Am. Chem. Soc.", "date": "2007", "authors": "Srivastava DK, Jude KM, Banerjee AL, Haldar M, Manokaran S, Kooren J, Mallik S, Christianson DW", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17407288", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17407288" } ] }, { "title": "Structural and kinetic analysis of proton shuttle residues in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase III.", "journal": "Proteins", "date": "2007", "authors": "Elder I, Fisher Z, Laipis PJ, Tu C, McKenna R, Silverman DN", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17427958", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17427958" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activators: the first activation study of the human secretory isoform VI with amino acids and amines.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry", "date": "2007", "authors": "Nishimori I, Onishi S, Vullo D, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17499996", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17499996" } ] }, { "title": "Saccharin inhibits carbonic anhydrases: possible explanation for its unpleasant metallic aftertaste.", "journal": "Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.", "date": "2007", "authors": "K\u00f6hler Karen, Hillebrecht Alexander, Schulze Wischeler Johannes, Innocenti Alessio, Heine Andreas, Supuran Claudiu T, Klebe Gerhard", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17705204", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17705204" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the inhibition profiles of the human mitochondrial isoforms VA and VB with anions are very different.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry", "date": "2007", "authors": "Nishimori I, Innocenti A, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "17761422", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/17761422" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters", "date": "2008", "authors": "Temperini C, Cecchi A, Boyle NA, Scozzafava A, Cabeza JE, Wentworth P Jr, Blackburn GM, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "18162396", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/18162396" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activators: activation of the human tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII with amino acids and amines.", "journal": "Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry", "date": "2008", "authors": "Pastorekova S, Vullo D, Nishimori I, Scozzafava A, Pastorek J, Supuran CT", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "18294854", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/18294854" } ] }, { "title": "Crystal structure of human carbonic anhydrase XIII and its complex with the inhibitor acetazolamide.", "journal": "Proteins", "date": "2009", "authors": "Di Fiore A, Monti SM, Hilvo M, Parkkila S, Romano V, Scaloni A, Pedone C, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, De Simone G", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "18618712", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/18618712" } ] }, { "title": "Biochemical characterization of CA IX, one of the most active carbonic anhydrase isozymes.", "journal": "The Journal of biological chemistry", "date": "2008", "authors": "Hilvo M, Baranauskiene L, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Matulis D, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Monti SM, Di Fiore A, De Simone G, Lindfors M, Janis J, Valjakka J, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Kulomaa MS, Nordlund HR, Supuran CT, Parkkila S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "18703501", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/18703501" } ] }, { "title": "A thiabendazole sulfonamide shows potent inhibitory activity against mammalian and nematode alpha-carbonic anhydrases.", "journal": "Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.", "date": "2009", "authors": "Crocetti Letizia, Maresca Alfonso, Temperini Claudia, Hall Rebecca A, Scozzafava Andrea, M\u00fchlschlegel Fritz A, Supuran Claudiu T", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "19186056", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/19186056" } ] }, { "title": "Non-zinc mediated inhibition of carbonic anhydrases: coumarins are a new class of suicide inhibitors.", "journal": "J. Am. Chem. Soc.", "date": "2009", "authors": "Maresca Alfonso, Temperini Claudia, Vu Hoan, Pham Ngoc B, Poulsen Sally-Ann, Scozzafava Andrea, Quinn Ronald J, Supuran Claudiu T", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "19206230", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/19206230" } ] }, { "title": "Identification of potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase VII (hCA VII) inhibitors.", "journal": "ChemMedChem", "date": "2010", "authors": "Gitto R, Agnello S, Ferro S, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Chimirri A", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "20349499", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/20349499" } ] }, { "title": "Analysis of a shortened form of human carbonic anhydrase VII expressed in vitro compared to the full-length enzyme.", "journal": "Biochimie", "date": "2010", "authors": "Bootorabi F, Janis J, Smith E, Waheed A, Kukkurainen S, Hytonen V, Valjakka J, Supuran CT, Vullo D, Sly WS, Parkkila S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "20493921", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/20493921" } ] }, { "title": "Structural and kinetic study of the extended active site for proton transfer in human carbonic anhydrase II.", "journal": "Biochemistry", "date": "2010", "authors": "Domsic JF, Williams W, Fisher SZ, Tu C, Agbandje-McKenna M, Silverman DN, McKenna R", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "20578724", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/20578724" } ] }, { "title": "Hyperchlorhidrosis caused by homozygous mutation in CA12, encoding carbonic anhydrase XII.", "journal": "American journal of human genetics", "date": "2010", "authors": "Feldshtein M, Elkrinawi S, Yerushalmi B, Marcus B, Vullo D, Romi H, Ofir R, Landau D, Sivan S, Supuran CT, Birk OS", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "21035102", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/21035102" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase IV from human lung. Purification, characterization, and comparison with membrane carbonic anhydrase from human kidney.", "journal": "The Journal of biological chemistry", "date": "1990", "authors": "Zhu XL, Sly WS", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "2111324", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/2111324" } ] }, { "title": "Autosomal recessive hyponatremia due to isolated salt wasting in sweat associated with a mutation in the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase 12.", "journal": "Human genetics", "date": "2011", "authors": "Muhammad E, Leventhal N, Parvari G, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I, Chalifa-Caspi V, Feinstein Y, Weinbrand J, Jacoby H, Manor E, Nagar T, Beck JC, Sheffield VC, Hershkovitz E, Parvari R", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "21184099", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/21184099" } ] }, { "title": "Intramolecular proton shuttle supports not only catalytic but also noncatalytic function of carbonic anhydrase II.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "date": "2011", "authors": "Becker HM, Klier M, Schuler C, McKenna R, Deitmer JW", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "21282642", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/21282642" } ] }, { "title": "Buffer enhancement of proton transfer in catalysis by human carbonic anhydrase III.", "journal": "Biochemistry", "date": "1990", "authors": "Tu CK, Paranawithana SR, Jewell DA, Tanhauser SM, LoGrasso PV, Wynns GC, Laipis PJ, Silverman DN", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "2169869", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/2169869" } ] }, { "title": "Structure and catalysis by carbonic anhydrase II: role of active-site tryptophan 5.", "journal": "Archives of biochemistry and biophysics", "date": "2011", "authors": "Mikulski R, Domsic JF, Ling G, Tu C, Robbins AH, Silverman DN, McKenna R", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "22001224", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/22001224" } ] }, { "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of carbonic anhydrase. II. Group controlling catalytic activity.", "journal": "Biochemistry", "date": "1975", "authors": "Pesando JM", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "234739", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/234739" } ] }, { "title": "Loss of carbonic anhydrase XII function in individuals with elevated sweat chloride concentration and pulmonary airway disease.", "journal": "Human molecular genetics", "date": "2016", "authors": "Lee M, Vecchio-Pagan B, Sharma N, Waheed A, Li X, Raraigh KS, Robbins S, Han ST, Franca AL, Pellicore MJ, Evans TA, Arcara KM, Nguyen H, Luan S, Belchis D, Hertecant J, Zabner J, Sly WS, Cutting GR", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "26911677", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/26911677" } ] }, { "title": "Reanalysis of Global Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Data Identified a Large Number of Glycopeptides.", "journal": "Analytical chemistry", "date": "2018", "authors": "Hu Y, Shah P, Clark DJ, Ao M, Zhang H", "evidence": [ { "database": "GlyConnect", "id": "1064", "url": "https://glyconnect.expasy.org/browser/proteins/1064" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "29741879", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/29741879" } ] }, { "title": "Activation parameters for the carbonic anhydrase II-catalyzed hydration of CO2.", "journal": "The Journal of biological chemistry", "date": "1986", "authors": "Ghannam AF, Tsen W, Rowlett RS", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "3080418", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/3080418" } ] }, { "title": "Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Blocking Carbonic Anhydrase 12 Enzymatic Activity Leads to Reduced Tumor Growth In Vitro.", "journal": "Anticancer research", "date": "2019", "authors": "Uda NR, Stenner F, Seibert V, Herzig P, Markuly N, VAN Dijk M, Zippelius A, Renner C", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "31366496", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/31366496" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic Anhydrase XII Expression Is Modulated during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Regulated through Protein Kinase C Signaling.", "journal": "International journal of molecular sciences", "date": "2020", "authors": "Vergara D, Ravaioli S, Fonzi E, Adamo L, Damato M, Bravaccini S, Pirini F, Gaballo A, Barbano R, Pasculli B, Franck J, Fournier I, Salzet M, Maffia M", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "31979064", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/31979064" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase 12 gene silencing reverses the sensitivity of paclitaxel in drug-resistant breast cancer cells.", "journal": "Bioengineered", "date": "2021", "authors": "Huang T, Tang L, Wang H, Lin L, Fu J", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "34696661", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/34696661" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase XII mediates the survival and prometastatic functions of macrophages in human hepatocellular carcinoma.", "journal": "The Journal of clinical investigation", "date": "2022", "authors": "Ning WR, Jiang D, Liu XC, Huang YF, Peng ZP, Jiang ZZ, Kang T, Zhuang SM, Wu Y, Zheng L", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "35362480", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/35362480" } ] }, { "title": "Trafficking of carbonic anhydrase 12 and bicarbonate transporters by histamine stimulation mediates intracellular acidic scenario in lung cancer cells.", "journal": "Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry", "date": "2023-12", "authors": "Kim Hyeong Jae, Hong Jeong Hee", "evidence": [ { "database": "RefSeq", "id": "NP_001209", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001209" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "37587861", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/37587861" } ] }, { "title": "The carbon dioxide hydration activity of carbonic anhydrase. I. Stop-flow kinetic studies on the native human isoenzymes B and C.", "journal": "The Journal of biological chemistry", "date": "1971", "authors": "Khalifah RG", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "4994926", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/4994926" } ] }, { "title": "A chemical and enzymological comparison of the common major human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II, its minor component, and a new genetic variant, CA II Melbourne (237 Pro leads to His).", "journal": "Human genetics", "date": "1983", "authors": "Jones GL, Shaw DC", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "6407977", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/6407977" } ] }, { "title": "Anion inhibition of CO2 hydration catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase II. Mechanistic implications.", "journal": "Biochimica et biophysica acta", "date": "1984", "authors": "Tibell L, Forsman C, Simonsson I, Lindskog S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "6433979", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/6433979" } ] }, { "title": "A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of CO2/HCO-3 exchange catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase I.", "journal": "European journal of biochemistry", "date": "1982", "authors": "Simonsson I, Jonsson BH, Lindskog S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "6819139", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/6819139" } ] }, { "title": "Carbonic anhydrase IV: role of removal of C-terminal domain in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring and realization of enzyme activity.", "journal": "Archives of biochemistry and biophysics", "date": "1995", "authors": "Okuyama T, Waheed A, Kusumoto W, Zhu XL, Sly WS", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "7625839", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/7625839" } ] }, { "title": "Interactions of active-site residues and catalytic activity of human carbonic anhydrase III.", "journal": "The Journal of biological chemistry", "date": "1994", "authors": "Tu C, Chen X, Ren X, LoGrasso PV, Jewell DA, Laipis PJ, Silverman DN", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "8083199", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/8083199" } ] }, { "title": "Human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase: cDNA cloning, expression, subcellular localization, and mapping to chromosome 16.", "journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "date": "1993", "authors": "Nagao Y, Platero JS, Waheed A, Sly WS", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "8356065", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/8356065" } ] }, { "title": "Rate-equilibria relationships in intramolecular proton transfer in human carbonic anhydrase III.", "journal": "Biochemistry", "date": "1993", "authors": "Silverman DN, Tu C, Chen X, Tanhauser SM, Kresge AJ, Laipis PJ", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "8399223", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/8399223" } ] }, { "title": "Catalysis and inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase IV.", "journal": "Biochemistry", "date": "1997", "authors": "Baird TT Jr, Waheed A, Okuyama T, Sly WS, Fierke CA", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9054574", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9054574" } ] }, { "title": "Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase.", "journal": "Pharmacology & therapeutics", "date": "1997", "authors": "Lindskog S", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9336012", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9336012" } ] }, { "title": "Properties of intramolecular proton transfer in carbonic anhydrase III.", "journal": "Biophysical journal", "date": "1998", "authors": "Tu C, Qian M, Earnhardt JN, Laipis PJ, Silverman DN", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9635771", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9635771" } ] }, { "title": "Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers.", "journal": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "date": "1998", "authors": "T\u00fcreci O, Sahin U, Vollmar E, Siemer S, G\u00f6ttert E, Seitz G, Parkkila A K, Shah G N, Grubb J H, Pfreundschuh M, Sly W S", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9636197", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9636197" } ] }, { "title": "Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes.", "journal": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.", "date": "1998", "authors": "Ivanov S V, Kuzmin I, Wei M H, Pack S, Geil L, Johnson B E, Stanbridge E J, Lerman M I", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9770531", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9770531" } ] }, { "title": "Gustin from human parotid saliva is carbonic anhydrase VI.", "journal": "Biochemical and biophysical research communications", "date": "1998", "authors": "Thatcher BJ, Doherty AE, Orvisky E, Martin BM, Henkin RI", "evidence": [ { "database": "Reactome", "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029" } ], "reference": [ { "type": "PubMed", "id": "9784398", "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/9784398" } ] } ], "pathway": [ { "id": "hsa:771", "name": "", "url": "https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/get_linkdb?-t+pathway+hsa:771", "resource": "KEGG Pathway" }, { "id": "R-HSA-1475029", "name": "Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475029", "resource": "Reactome", "description": "Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide" } ], "orthologs": [ { "uniprot_canonical_ac": "F7FAJ9-1", "protein_name": "Carbonic anhydrase", "gene_name": "Car12", "tax_id": 10116, "organism": "Rattus norvegicus", "sequence": { "sequence": "MPHCSLHATVVLLLVILKEQPSSSAPLNGSKWTYIGPAGEKNWSKKYPSCGGLLQSPIDLHSDILQYDASLAPLQFQGYNVSVEKLLNLTNDGHSVRLNLNSDMYIQGLQPHQYRAEQLHLHWGNRNDPHGSEHTVSGKHFAAELHIVHYNSDLYSDFGSASDKSEGLAVLAVLIEIGSVNPSYDKIFSHLQHVKYKGQQVLIPGFNIEELLPESPGEYYRYEGSLTTPPCYPTVLWTVFRNPVQISQEQLLALETALYFTHMDDPSPREMVNNFRQVQKFDERLVYISFRQVGLLTDTGLSLGIILSVALAGVLGISIVLAVSVWLFKRKKSKKGDNKGVIYKPAIKKEAEVHA", "length": 355 }, "evidence": [ { "id": "45931099", "url": "http://www.informatics.jax.org/homology/45931099", "database": "MGI" }, { "id": "O43570", "url": "https://omabrowser.org/oma/group/O43570/", "database": "OMA" } ], "common_name": "Rat" }, { "uniprot_canonical_ac": "Q8CI85-1", "protein_name": "Carbonic anhydrase 12", "gene_name": "Ca12", "tax_id": 10090, "organism": "Mus musculus", "sequence": { "sequence": "MPHRSLRATVVLLLVILKKQPSSSAPLNGSKWTYVGPAGEKNWSKKYPSCGGLLQSPIDLHSDILQYDASLAPLQFQGYNVSVEKLLNLTNDGHSVRLNLNSDMYIQGLQPHHYRAEQLHLHWGNRNDPHGSEHTVSGKHFAAELHIVHYNSDLYPDFSTASDKSEGLAVLAVLIEIGSANPSYDKIFSHLQHVKYKGQQVLIPGFNIEELLPESPGEYYRYEGSLTTPPCYPTVLWTVFRNPVQISQEQLLALETALYFTHMDDPTPREMINNFRQVQKFDERLVYISFRQGLLTDTGLSLGIILSVALAGVLGISIVLAVSIWLFKRKKSKKGDNKGVIYKPAIKKEAEVHA", "length": 354 }, "evidence": [ { "id": "45931099", "url": "http://www.informatics.jax.org/homology/45931099", "database": "MGI" } ], "common_name": "Mouse" } ], "go_annotation": { "categories": [ { "name": "Cellular Component", "total": 4, "go_terms": [ { "name": "plasma membrane", "id": "GO:0005886", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005886", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "membrane", "id": "GO:0016020", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0016020", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "basolateral plasma membrane", "id": "GO:0016323", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0016323", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "apical plasma membrane", "id": "GO:0016324", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0016324", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" } ] }, { "name": "Molecular Function", "total": 2, "go_terms": [ { "name": "zinc ion binding", "id": "GO:0008270", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0008270", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "carbonate dehydratase activity", "id": "GO:0004089", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004089", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" } ] }, { "name": "Biological Process", "total": 3, "go_terms": [ { "name": "one-carbon metabolic process", "id": "GO:0006730", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0006730", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "estrous cycle", "id": "GO:0044849", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0044849", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" }, { "name": "chloride ion homeostasis", "id": "GO:0055064", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0055064", "evidence": [ { "database": "UniProtKB", "id": "O43570", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ], "pmid": "" } ] } ] }, "pro_annotation": [], "site_annotation": [ { "start_pos": 162, "end_pos": 164, "annotation": "n_glycosylation_sequon" }, { "start_pos": 28, "end_pos": 30, "annotation": "n_glycosylation_sequon" }, { "start_pos": 80, "end_pos": 82, "annotation": "n_glycosylation_sequon" } ], "ptm_annotation": [], "interactions": [], "reactions": [ { "id": "10748", "name": "", "equation": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O", "summary": "", "cellular_location": "", "input_participant_list": [], "output_participant_list": [], "enzyme_list": [ "B0BNN3-1", "Q66HG6-1", "P43165-1", "P14141-1", "P27139-1", "P48284-1", "F1LQ08-1", "B5DFG6-1", "F7FL00-1", "F7FAJ9-1", "A0A8I6AP85-1", "A6JXV1-1", "P43166-1", "Q9ULX7-1", "P23280-1", "Q9Y2D0-1", "Q8N1Q1-1", "P00918-1", "P07451-1", "P35218-1", "O43570-1", "Q16790-1", "P22748-1", "P00915-1", "Q64444-1", "Q9QZA0-1", "P18761-1", "Q99N23-1", "Q9ERQ8-1", "Q8VHB5-1", "P23589-1", "Q8CI85-1", "Q9WVT6-1", "P13634-1", "P00920-1", "P16015-1", "Q9D6N1-1", "P53615-1", "Q555A3-1", "Q55BU2-1", "Q9V9Y6-1", "Q9VHJ5-1", "Q9V9Y8-1", "A0A0B4LHX0-1", "Q9VH26-1", "Q8IMV4-1", "Q9VB76-1", "Q4V4S9-1", "Q9V396-1" ], "evidence": [ { "id": "10748", "database": "Rhea", "url": "https://www.rhea-db.org/rhea/10748" } ] }, { "id": "R-HSA-1475017", "name": "Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (plasma membrane)", "equation": "", "summary": "Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4, Zhu and Sly 1990, Okuyama et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9, Wingo et al. 2001, Hilvo et al. 2008), carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12, Ulmasov et al. 2000, Pastorekova et al. 2008), and carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14, Ozensoy et al. 2005, Temperini et al. 2008) are membrane-bound enzymes that dehydrate bicarbonate to yield water and carbon dioxide. Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
CA4 has high catalytic activity. CA9, CA12, and CA14 have moderate activity. CA4 is anchored to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. CA9, CA12, and CA14 are single-pass transmembrane proteins. CA4 is found on the extracellular face of capillaries in kidney, lung, and muscle where it maintains the gradient of carbon dioxide between tissue and blood. CA9 and CA12 are found on basolateral membranes of epithelia. CA9 is inducible by Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha) and acidifies the extracellular environment of tumors. In rodents CA15 is membrane anchored and has low activity; in primates CA15 is a pseudogene.", "cellular_location": "extracellular region, plasma membrane", "input_participant_list": [], "output_participant_list": [], "enzyme_list": [ "O43570-1", "Q9ULX7-1", "P22748-1", "Q16790-1" ], "evidence": [ { "id": "R-HSA-1475017", "database": "Reactome", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475017" } ] }, { "id": "R-HSA-1475025", "name": "Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (plasma membrane)", "equation": "", "summary": "Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4, Zhu and Sly 1990, Okuyama et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9, Wingo et al. 2001, Hilvo et al. 2008), carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12, Ulmasov et al. 2000, Pastorekova et al. 2008), and carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14Ozensoy et al. 2005, Temperini et al. 2008) are membrane-bound enzymes that hydrate extracellular carbon dioxide to yield bicarbonate and a proton.Carbonic anhydrase deprotonates water to yield a zinc-hydroxyl group and a proton which is transferred to external buffer molecules via histidine or glutamate residues in carbonic anhydrase. The hydroxyl group reacts with carbon dioxide in the active site to yield bicarbonate. A water molecule displaces the bicarbonate and the reaction cycle begins again (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
CA4 has high catalytic activity. CA9, CA12, and CA14 have moderate activity. CA4 is anchored to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. CA9, CA12, and CA14 are single-pass transmembrane proteins. CA4 is found on the extracellular face of capillaries in kidney, lung, and muscle where it maintains the gradient of carbon dioxide between tissue and blood. CA9 and CA12 are found on basolateral membranes of epithelia. CA9 is inducible by Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha) and acidifies the extracellular environment of tumors. In rodents CA15 is membrane anchored and has low activity; in primates CA15 is a pseudogene.", "cellular_location": "extracellular region, plasma membrane", "input_participant_list": [], "output_participant_list": [], "enzyme_list": [ "O43570-1", "Q9ULX7-1", "P22748-1", "Q16790-1" ], "evidence": [ { "id": "R-HSA-1475025", "database": "Reactome", "url": "https://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#R-HSA-1475025" } ] } ], "reaction_participants": [], "reaction_enzymes": [ { "uniprot_ac": "A0A0B4LHX0", "gene_name": "CAH16", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "A0A0B4LHX0", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A0B4LHX0" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "A0A0B4LHX0", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A0B4LHX0" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "A0A8I6AP85", "gene_name": "AABR07063126.1", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "A0A8I6AP85", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A8I6AP85" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "A0A8I6AP85", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A8I6AP85" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "A6JXV1", "gene_name": "Car7", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "A6JXV1", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A6JXV1" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "A6JXV1", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A6JXV1" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "B0BNN3", "gene_name": "Ca1", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "B0BNN3", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0BNN3" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "B0BNN3", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0BNN3" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "B0BNN3", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0BNN3" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "B5DFG6", "gene_name": "Car13", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "B5DFG6", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B5DFG6" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "B5DFG6", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B5DFG6" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "F1LQ08", "gene_name": "Car6", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "F1LQ08", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F1LQ08" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "F1LQ08", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F1LQ08" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "F7FAJ9", "gene_name": "Car12", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "F7FAJ9", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F7FAJ9" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "F7FAJ9", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F7FAJ9" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "F7FL00", "gene_name": "Car9", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "F7FL00", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F7FL00" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "F7FL00", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F7FL00" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "O43570", "gene_name": "CA12", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "O43570", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "O43570", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43570" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P00915", "gene_name": "CA1", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00915", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00915" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00915", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00915" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00915", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00915" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00915", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00915" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P00918", "gene_name": "CA2", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00918", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00918" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00918", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00918" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00918", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00918" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P00920", "gene_name": "Ca2", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00920", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00920" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00920", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00920" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P00920", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P00920" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P07451", "gene_name": "CA3", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P07451", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P07451" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P07451", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P07451" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P13634", "gene_name": "Ca1", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P13634", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P13634" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P13634", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P13634" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P13634", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P13634" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P14141", "gene_name": "Ca3", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P14141", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P14141" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P14141", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P14141" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P16015", "gene_name": "Ca3", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P16015", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16015" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P16015", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16015" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P18761", "gene_name": "Ca6", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P18761", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P18761" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P18761", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P18761" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P22748", "gene_name": "CA4", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P22748", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22748" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P22748", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": 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+ H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P27139", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P27139" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P27139", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P27139" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.69", "activity": "urea = cyanamide + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P27139", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P27139" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P35218", "gene_name": "CA5A", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P35218", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35218" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P35218", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35218" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P43165", "gene_name": "Ca5a", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P43165", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P43165" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P43165", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P43165" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P43166", "gene_name": "CA7", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P43166", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P43166" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "P43166", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P43166" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "P48284", "gene_name": "Ca4", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "P48284", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P48284" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": 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"ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "Q55BU2", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q55BU2" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "Q64444", "gene_name": "Ca4", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "Q64444", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q64444" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "Q64444", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q64444" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "Q66HG6", "gene_name": "Ca5b", "activity": [ { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "H(+) + hydrogencarbonate = CO2 + H2O.", "evidence": [ { "id": "Q66HG6", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q66HG6" } ] }, { "ec_number": "4.2.1.1", "activity": "", "evidence": [ { "id": "Q66HG6", "database": "UniProtKB", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q66HG6" } ] } ] }, { "uniprot_ac": "Q8CI85", 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