{
    "assessed_biomarker_entity": "Cytokeratin-19 fragment (KRT19)",
    "assessed_entity_type": "protein",
    "components": {
        "protein": [
            {
                "accession": "P08727-1",
                "name": "Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19",
                "evidence": [
                    {
                        "id": "GLY_000625",
                        "database": "GlyGen",
                        "url": "https://data.glygen.org/GLY_000625"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "16033098",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/16033098"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "32347972",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32347972"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "7541742",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/7541742"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "25966163",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/25966163"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "32347972",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32347972"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "32504736",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32504736"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "32347972",
                        "database": "PubMed",
                        "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32347972"
                    }
                ]
            }
        ],
        "glycan": []
    },
    "instances": [
        {
            "best_biomarker_type": "prognostic",
            "status": "increased KRT19 level",
            "notes": "Measured in serum (UN:0001977) as well",
            "literature_evidence": "Tumor marker serum levels were related to histological type and tumor extension, with ProGRP being the most sensitive marker in SCLC, CEA in adenocarcinomas and CYFRA 21-1 in squamous tumors. The most sensitive combinations of tumor markers were ProGRP and NSE in SCLC (88%), and CEA plus CYFRA in NSCLC (82%). In summary, ProGRP is the tumor marker of choice in SCLC and NSE is a complementary tumor marker in this histological type. [PMID:16033098] This is the first report with such a substantial evaluation of cancer biomarkers on a large patient population of COVID-19. Our data demonstrate that levels of serum HE4, CYFRA21-1, CEA, CA125, CA153, SCC, and NSE are positively associated with CRP, a crucial factor in correlation with the severity of the disease. We concluded that elevations of serum cancer biomarkers positively correlated with the pathological progressions of COVID-19, demonstrating diffuse and acute pathophysiological injuries in COVID-19. [PMID:32347972]",
            "loinc_code": "",
            "tissue": {
                "name": "blood",
                "namespace": "UBERON",
                "id": "0000178",
                "url": "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"
            },
            "disease": {
                "disease_id": "DOID:1324",
                "recommended_name": {
                    "id": "DOID:1324",
                    "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                    "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:1324",
                    "name": "lung cancer",
                    "description": "A respiratory system cancer that is located_in the lung."
                },
                "synonyms": [
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012159",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012159",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 1",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012159",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012159",
                        "name": "LNCR1",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012159",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012159",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012159",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012159",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 1",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012942",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012942",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 3",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012942",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012942",
                        "name": "LNCR3",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012942",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012942",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 3",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012942",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012942",
                        "name": "adenocarcinoma of lung, susceptibility to",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012955",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012955",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 4",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012955",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012955",
                        "name": "LNCR4",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0012955",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0012955",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 4",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0013631",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0013631",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 5",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0013631",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0013631",
                        "name": "LNCR5",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0013631",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0013631",
                        "name": "lung cancer susceptibility 5",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer",
                        "description": "A malignant neoplasm involving the lung."
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "adenocarcinoma of lung, response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor in, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "adenocarcinoma of lung, somatic",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "cancer of lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer, protection against, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer, resistance to, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer, somatic",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer, susceptibility to, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant lung neoplasm",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant lung tumor",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant lung tumour",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of the lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of the lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of the lung",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "nonsmall cell lung cancer, response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor in, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "nonsmall cell lung cancer, somatic",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "nonsmall cell lung cancer, susceptibility to, autosomal dominant, somatic mutation",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "Nonsmall cell lung cancer",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "alveolar cell carcinoma",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung cancer, protection against",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0008903",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0008903",
                        "name": "lung neoplasm",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MIM:211980",
                        "resource": "MIM",
                        "url": "https://www.omim.org/entry/211980",
                        "name": "Lung cancer",
                        "description": "Lung cancer"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "evidence": [
                {
                    "id": "GLY_000625",
                    "database": "GlyGen",
                    "url": "https://data.glygen.org/GLY_000625"
                },
                {
                    "id": "16033098",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/16033098"
                },
                {
                    "id": "32347972",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32347972"
                },
                {
                    "id": "7541742",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/7541742"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "best_biomarker_type": "diagnostic",
            "status": "increased KRT19 level",
            "notes": "EDRN biomarker|CYFRA21-1 level can be detected in serum (UN:0001977) as well",
            "literature_evidence": "In all studies considered, patients with bladder cancer had a higher CYFRA21-1 level than healthy subjects. Based on our results, CYFRA21-1 level may be a diagnostic biomarker for diagnosing bladder cancer as well as a possible biomarker for differentiation between local and metastatic bladder cancer. [PMID:25966163]",
            "loinc_code": "",
            "tissue": {
                "name": "urine",
                "namespace": "UBERON",
                "id": "0001088",
                "url": "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088"
            },
            "disease": {
                "disease_id": "DOID:11054",
                "recommended_name": {
                    "id": "DOID:11054",
                    "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                    "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:11054",
                    "name": "urinary bladder cancer",
                    "description": "An urinary system cancer that results_in malignant growth located_in the urinary bladder."
                },
                "synonyms": [
                    {
                        "id": "DOID:11054",
                        "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                        "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:11054",
                        "name": "bladder cancer",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "DOID:11054",
                        "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                        "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:11054",
                        "name": "tumor of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "urinary bladder cancer",
                        "description": "A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the bladder."
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "tumor of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "tumour of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "bladder cancer, somatic",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "cancer of urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant bladder neoplasm",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant bladder tumor",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant bladder tumour",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of the urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm, bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant neoplasm, urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of the urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumor of urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumor, urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of the bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of the urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant tumour of urinary bladder",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant urinary bladder neoplasm",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant urinary bladder tumor",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "malignant urinary bladder tumour",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "urinary bladder cancer",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "urinary bladder malignant neoplasm",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "urinary bladder malignant tumor",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MONDO:0001187",
                        "resource": "MONDO",
                        "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0001187",
                        "name": "urinary bladder malignant tumour",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "MIM:109800",
                        "resource": "MIM",
                        "url": "https://www.omim.org/entry/109800",
                        "name": "Bladder cancer",
                        "description": "Bladder cancer"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "evidence": [
                {
                    "id": "GLY_000625",
                    "database": "GlyGen",
                    "url": "https://data.glygen.org/GLY_000625"
                },
                {
                    "id": "25966163",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/25966163"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "best_biomarker_type": "monitoring",
            "status": "increased KRT19 level",
            "notes": "Measured in serum (UN:0001977) as well.",
            "literature_evidence": "Increases in levels of Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), Cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), Carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), Carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199). There were positive associations between levels of C-reactive protein and levels of HE4 (R= 0.631, p<0.001), CYFRA21-1 (R= 0.431, p<0.001), CEA (R= 0.316, p<0.001), SCC (R= 0.351, p<0.001), CA153 (R= 0.359, p<0.001) and CA125 (R= 0.223, p=0.031). We concluded that elevations of serum cancer biomarkers positively correlated with the pathological progressions of COVID-19, demonstrating diffuse and acute lung injuries. [PMID:32347972] SARS-COV-2 infection caused an LDL decrease to occur in the majority of the mild cases; this could be used, in combination with viral RNA detection, as a potential biomarker to facilitate early diagnosis. Serum cancer biomarkers, including CYFRA21-1 and HE4, can be used to monitor the pathological progression of the disease. [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3552854]",
            "loinc_code": "",
            "tissue": {
                "name": "blood",
                "namespace": "UBERON",
                "id": "0000178",
                "url": "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"
            },
            "disease": {
                "disease_id": "DOID:0080600",
                "recommended_name": {
                    "id": "DOID:0080600",
                    "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                    "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0080600",
                    "name": "COVID-19",
                    "description": "A Coronavirus infection that is characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath and that has_material_basis_in SARS-CoV-2."
                },
                "synonyms": [
                    {
                        "id": "DOID:0080600",
                        "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                        "url": "http://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0080600",
                        "name": "2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)",
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "id": "DOID:0080600",
                        "resource": "Disease Ontology",
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