{
    "title": "Two co-existing mechanisms for nuclear import of MAP kinase: passive diffusion of a monomer and active transport of a dimer.",
    "journal": "The EMBO journal",
    "date": "1999",
    "authors": "Adachi M, Fukuda M, Nishida E",
    "reference": {
        "type": "PubMed",
        "id": "10508167",
        "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10508167"
    },
    "referenced_proteins": [
        "P31785-1",
        "Q5T4W7-1",
        "Q8WU20-1",
        "Q05586-1",
        "P08581-1",
        "P09619-1",
        "P01112-1",
        "Q96S59-1",
        "O15211-1",
        "P98077-1",
        "P60568-1",
        "P07949-1",
        "P09038-4",
        "Q9UQM7-1",
        "P56975-1",
        "P39905-1",
        "P15509-1",
        "Q9GZV9-1",
        "P14210-1",
        "P01133-1",
        "Q13224-1",
        "Q15700-1",
        "P56159-1",
        "O60609-1",
        "P18433-5",
        "O14511-1",
        "P05230-1",
        "P35070-1",
        "O00459-1",
        "P01127-1",
        "Q12967-1",
        "Q9NRC6-1",
        "P36888-1",
        "O14944-1",
        "Q8WWG1-1",
        "P31371-1",
        "Q9UQC2-1",
        "Q13555-1",
        "P35568-1",
        "P11277-1",
        "Q15121-1",
        "O15520-1",
        "O14827-1",
        "Q8TDF6-1",
        "O76093-1",
        "P42338-1",
        "P06241-1",
        "P23458-1",
        "P22455-1",
        "Q13557-1",
        "Q99748-1",
        "Q9Y4G8-1",
        "O95267-1",
        "Q12959-1",
        "P07196-1",
        "P08700-1",
        "P15514-1",
        "P29353-1",
        "P27986-1",
        "P01135-1",
        "P13591-2",
        "O43320-1",
        "Q01344-1",
        "Q9Y4H2-1",
        "Q9NP95-1",
        "Q6UW88-1",
        "P27361-1",
        "P16234-1",
        "Q06124-2",
        "Q92529-1",
        "O60674-1",
        "Q13813-1",
        "Q86Z14-1",
        "P0DP23-1",
        "Q13554-1",
        "P49771-1",
        "P11487-1",
        "Q07889-1",
        "P32927-1",
        "P35609-1",
        "P42336-1",
        "P21781-1",
        "P10767-1",
        "O00451-1",
        "Q02297-1",
        "Q92796-1",
        "P26951-1",
        "Q9NZL6-1",
        "P04141-1",
        "Q15389-1",
        "Q9H254-1",
        "P14784-1",
        "O60542-1",
        "O15020-1",
        "P10721-1",
        "Q05397-1",
        "Q02763-1",
        "Q9HCT0-1",
        "P00533-1",
        "Q13972-1",
        "Q8IV61-1",
        "P02549-1",
        "P01589-1",
        "P52333-1",
        "O15399-1",
        "P78352-1",
        "Q01082-1",
        "Q99075-1",
        "Q8N9B8-1",
        "O43559-1",
        "Q3MIN7-1",
        "P04626-1",
        "Q96NW7-1",
        "P08620-1",
        "P28482-1",
        "Q9GZZ7-1",
        "P05113-1",
        "P01111-1",
        "O95750-1"
    ],
    "referenced_glycans": [],
    "species": [
        {
            "name": "Homo sapiens",
            "taxid": 9606,
            "evidence": [
                {
                    "database": "UniProtKB",
                    "id": "P31785",
                    "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P31785"
                }
            ],
            "common_name": "Human"
        }
    ],
    "record_id": "pubmed.10508167",
    "abstract": "In response to extracellular stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, also known as ERK) translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK, also know as MEK), which possesses a nuclear export signal (NES), acts as a cytoplasmic anchor of MAPK. Here we show evidence that tyrosine (Tyr190 in Xenopus MPK1/ERK2) phosphorylation of MAPK by MAPKK is necessary and sufficient for the dissociation of the MAPKK-MAPK complex, and that the dissociation of the complex is required for the nuclear translocation of MAPK. We then show that nuclear entry of MAPK through a nuclear pore occurs via two distinct mechanisms. Nuclear import of wild-type MAPK (mol. wt 42 kDa) was induced by activation of the MAPK pathway even in the presence of wheat germ agglutinin or dominant-negative Ran, whereas nuclear import of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)-fused MAPK (mol. wt 160 kDa), which occurred in response to stimuli, was completely blocked by these inhibitors. Moreover, while a dimerization-deficient mutant of MAPK was able to translocate to the nucleus upon stimulation, this mutant MAPK, when fused to beta-gal, became unable to enter the nucleus. These results suggest that monomeric and dimeric forms of MAPK enter the nucleus by passive diffusion and active transport mechanisms, respectively.",
    "glycosylation": [],
    "mutagenesis": [],
    "snv": [],
    "phosphorylation": [],
    "glycation": []
}