{
    "biomarker_id": "BB3826-1",
    "biomarker_canonical_id": "BB3826",
    "condition": {
        "recommended_name": {
            "id": "DOID:0050904",
            "resource": "Disease Ontology",
            "url": "https://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0050904",
            "name": "salivary gland carcinoma",
            "description": "A salivary gland cancer that has_material_basis_in epithelial cells."
        },
        "synonyms": [],
        "id": "DOID:0050904"
    },
    "biomarker_component": [
        {
            "biomarker": "increased level of Tn-MUC1 on MUC1",
            "assessed_biomarker_entity_id": "P15941-1",
            "assessed_entity_type": "protein",
            "assessed_biomarker_entity": {
                "recommended_name": "Mucin-1",
                "synonyms": [
                    {
                        "synonym": "Polymorphic epithelial mucin"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "PEM"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Krebs von den Lungen-6"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "KL-6"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Tumor-associated epithelial membrane antigen"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "EMA"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Peanut-reactive urinary mucin"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "PUM"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Cancer antigen 15-3"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "CA 15-3"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Tumor-associated mucin"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "MUC1-CT"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Breast carcinoma-associated antigen DF3"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "PEMT"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Episialin"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Carcinoma-associated mucin"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "H23AG"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "specimen": [
                {
                    "name": "tissue",
                    "namespace": "UBERON",
                    "id": "0000479",
                    "url": "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479",
                    "loinc_code": ""
                }
            ],
            "evidence_source": [
                {
                    "id": "BB3826-1",
                    "database": "BiomarkerKB",
                    "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/BB3826-1"
                },
                {
                    "id": "40844495",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "",
                    "tags": [
                        "assessed_biomarker_entity_id",
                        " assessed_biomarker_entiy",
                        " assessed_entity_type",
                        " biomarker",
                        " specimen"
                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "We determined the expression of the transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1 with Tn antigen (GalNAc), Tn\u2010MUC1, using 20 clinical SDC specimens. GalNAc, to which VVL binds, formed Tn\u2010MUC1 via glycosylation with N\u2010acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs). GALNT7 was highly expressed in SDC. Analysis of clinical SDC specimens revealed that Tn\u2010MUC1 was also positive in the SDC tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a cell surface target for SDC. Notably, GalNAc and fucose were detected only in malignant tumors, suggesting their potential as malignant tumor cell surface markers (Figure 1C). VVL was strongly stained in SDC (Figure 2A). VVL was more positive in malignant tumors than in benign tumors, particularly SDC (Figure 2). Notably, VVL was specifically positive in SDC tumor cells but negative in vascular endothelial cells in SDC tumor tissue, suggesting its mutually exclusive expression (Figure 2C,D). GALNT7 was highly expressed in SDC (Figure 3A). These data indicate that GALNT7 influences O\u2010glycosylation in SDC more than the other GALNT family genes (Figure 3B). To validate the high expression of GALNT7 at the protein level in SDC, we performed immunohistochemistry on 24 FFPE SDC samples using a GALNT7\u2010specific antibody. Out of 24 SDC cases, 12 cases (50%) showed strong positive (3+) staining, 6 cases (25%) showed moderate positive (2+) staining, 5 cases (20.8%) showed weak positive (1+) staining, and only 1 case (4.2%) showed negative (0) staining for GALNT7 (Figure 3D). These results demonstrate that GALNT7 is frequently and highly expressed at the protein level in SDC, consistent with our mRNA expression data. This finding further supports the notion that GALNT7 plays a significant role in O\u2010glycosylation and potentially in Tn\u2010MUC1 formation in SDC. Based on the fact that VVL lectin staining specifically recognizes Tn\u2010MUC1, Tn\u2010MUC1 and VVL lectin expression were evaluated using clinical specimens from 20 SDC cases. Notably, in all cases, Tn\u2010MUC1 and VVL were positive only in the same tumor regions. VVL and Tn\u2010MUC1 were strongly positive, as in case 12, and weakly positive, as in case 6 (Figure 4B). These data suggest that VVL expression is a surrogate of Tn\u2010MUC1 expression in SDC tumors. In other words, Tn\u2010MUC1 may be positive even in HER2\u2010negative SDC (Figure 4D). Thus, Tn\u2010MUC1 may be a therapeutic target for HER2\u2010negative SDC. In general, Tn\u2010MUC1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and high malignancy. This study revealed that Tn\u2010MUC1 was expressed in SDC tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a new diagnostic marker for SDC. Tn\u2010MUC1, which is formed by GalNAc specifically bound to VVL, was also highly expressed in SDC. In addition, it was suggested that GALNT7 is involved in the formation of Tn\u2010MUC1 in SDC. These results suggest that Tn\u2010MUC1 may be a novel potential marker for the diagnosis of SDC."
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "best_biomarker_role": [
        {
            "role": ""
        }
    ],
    "evidence_source": [
        {
            "id": "BB3826-1",
            "database": "BiomarkerKB",
            "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/BB3826-1"
        },
        {
            "id": "40844495",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "",
            "tags": [
                "condition"
            ],
            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "We determined the expression of the transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1 with Tn antigen (GalNAc), Tn\u2010MUC1, using 20 clinical SDC specimens. GalNAc, to which VVL binds, formed Tn\u2010MUC1 via glycosylation with N\u2010acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs). GALNT7 was highly expressed in SDC. Analysis of clinical SDC specimens revealed that Tn\u2010MUC1 was also positive in the SDC tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a cell surface target for SDC. Notably, GalNAc and fucose were detected only in malignant tumors, suggesting their potential as malignant tumor cell surface markers (Figure 1C). VVL was strongly stained in SDC (Figure 2A). VVL was more positive in malignant tumors than in benign tumors, particularly SDC (Figure 2). Notably, VVL was specifically positive in SDC tumor cells but negative in vascular endothelial cells in SDC tumor tissue, suggesting its mutually exclusive expression (Figure 2C,D). GALNT7 was highly expressed in SDC (Figure 3A). These data indicate that GALNT7 influences O\u2010glycosylation in SDC more than the other GALNT family genes (Figure 3B). To validate the high expression of GALNT7 at the protein level in SDC, we performed immunohistochemistry on 24 FFPE SDC samples using a GALNT7\u2010specific antibody. Out of 24 SDC cases, 12 cases (50%) showed strong positive (3+) staining, 6 cases (25%) showed moderate positive (2+) staining, 5 cases (20.8%) showed weak positive (1+) staining, and only 1 case (4.2%) showed negative (0) staining for GALNT7 (Figure 3D). These results demonstrate that GALNT7 is frequently and highly expressed at the protein level in SDC, consistent with our mRNA expression data. This finding further supports the notion that GALNT7 plays a significant role in O\u2010glycosylation and potentially in Tn\u2010MUC1 formation in SDC. Based on the fact that VVL lectin staining specifically recognizes Tn\u2010MUC1, Tn\u2010MUC1 and VVL lectin expression were evaluated using clinical specimens from 20 SDC cases. Notably, in all cases, Tn\u2010MUC1 and VVL were positive only in the same tumor regions. VVL and Tn\u2010MUC1 were strongly positive, as in case 12, and weakly positive, as in case 6 (Figure 4B). These data suggest that VVL expression is a surrogate of Tn\u2010MUC1 expression in SDC tumors. In other words, Tn\u2010MUC1 may be positive even in HER2\u2010negative SDC (Figure 4D). Thus, Tn\u2010MUC1 may be a therapeutic target for HER2\u2010negative SDC. In general, Tn\u2010MUC1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and high malignancy. This study revealed that Tn\u2010MUC1 was expressed in SDC tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a new diagnostic marker for SDC. Tn\u2010MUC1, which is formed by GalNAc specifically bound to VVL, was also highly expressed in SDC. In addition, it was suggested that GALNT7 is involved in the formation of Tn\u2010MUC1 in SDC. These results suggest that Tn\u2010MUC1 may be a novel potential marker for the diagnosis of SDC."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "crossref": [
        {
            "id": "BB3826-1",
            "database": "BiomarkerKB",
            "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/BB3826-1",
            "categories": [
                "Biomarkers"
            ]
        }
    ],
    "citation": [],
    "section_stats": [
        {
            "table_id": "biomarker_component",
            "table_stats": [
                {
                    "field": "total",
                    "count": 1
                }
            ],
            "sort_fields": [
                "biomarker",
                "assessed_biomarker_entity_id",
                "assessed_entity_type",
                "assessed_biomarker_entity.recommended_name"
            ]
        },
        {
            "table_id": "citation",
            "table_stats": [
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}