{
    "biomarker_id": "AN6751-1",
    "biomarker_canonical_id": "AN6751",
    "condition": {
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            "description": "A Coronavirus infectious disease that is characterized by fever, cough and shortness of breath and that has_material_basis_in Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a subtype of Betacoronavirus pandemicum."
        },
        "synonyms": [
            {
                "id": "DOID:0080600",
                "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                "url": "https://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0080600",
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                "description": ""
            },
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                "id": "DOID:0080600",
                "resource": "Disease Ontology",
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                "name": "2019-nCoV infection",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "DOID:0080600",
                "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                "url": "https://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0080600",
                "name": "COVID19",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "DOID:0080600",
                "resource": "Disease Ontology",
                "url": "https://disease-ontology.org/term/DOID:0080600",
                "name": "SARS-CoV-2 infection",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
                "resource": "MONDO",
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                "name": "COVID-19",
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            },
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                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
                "resource": "MONDO",
                "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0100096",
                "name": "2019-nCoV infection",
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            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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                "name": "coronavirus disease 2019",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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                "name": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectious disease",
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            },
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                "resource": "MONDO",
                "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0100096",
                "name": "2019 novel coronavirus",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
                "resource": "MONDO",
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                "name": "2019-nCoV",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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                "name": "beta-CoV",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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                "name": "betacoronavirus",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
                "resource": "MONDO",
                "url": "https://monarchinitiative.org/disease/MONDO:0100096",
                "name": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
                "resource": "MONDO",
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                "name": "-CoV",
                "description": ""
            },
            {
                "id": "MONDO:0100096",
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            },
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                "description": ""
            }
        ],
        "id": "DOID:0080600"
    },
    "biomarker_component": [
        {
            "biomarker": "increased AST level",
            "assessed_biomarker_entity_id": "P17174-1",
            "assessed_entity_type": "protein",
            "assessed_biomarker_entity": {
                "recommended_name": "Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic",
                "synonyms": [
                    {
                        "synonym": "Cysteine transaminase, cytoplasmic"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "cCAT"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Cysteine aminotransferase, cytoplasmic"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1"
                    },
                    {
                        "synonym": "Transaminase A"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "specimen": [
                {
                    "name": "blood",
                    "namespace": "UBERON",
                    "id": "0000178",
                    "url": "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178",
                    "loinc_code": ""
                }
            ],
            "evidence_source": [
                {
                    "id": "AN6751-1",
                    "database": "BiomarkerKB",
                    "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1"
                },
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                    "id": "32503382",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32503382",
                    "tags": [
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                        " biomarker",
                        " specimen"
                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "AST is strongly associated with mortality risk compared to other parameters. Significant elevation in liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) is associated with critical changes in renal function parameters (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) and coagulation markers."
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "id": "32530509",
                    "database": "PubMed",
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                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "High troponin I levels with either advanced age more than 60 years or elevated AST levels was the best model to predict poor outcomes."
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "id": "32492406",
                    "database": "PubMed",
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                    "tags": [
                        "assessed_biomarker_entity",
                        " biomarker",
                        " specimen"
                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "Compared to non-severe patients, severe patients showed significant suppression of lymphocyte count and monocyte count, as well as increase of CRP and AST."
                        }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "id": "32286245",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32286245",
                    "tags": [
                        "assessed_biomarker_entity",
                        " biomarker",
                        " specimen"
                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "Combined with significant elevations in liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), and coagulation measures, a picture of MOF becomes very apparent in patients who develop the severe form of the disease, even with laboratory parameters measured primarily at admission."
                        }
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                },
                {
                    "id": "32293098",
                    "database": "PubMed",
                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32293098",
                    "tags": [
                        "assessed_biomarker_entity",
                        " biomarker",
                        " specimen"
                    ],
                    "evidence_list": [
                        {
                            "evidence": "Impending hyperinflammation can manifest as cytopenias (thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), coagulopathy (low platelet and fibrinogen levels, and elevated d -dimer levels), tissue damage/hepatitis (elevated LDH, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels), and macrophage/hepatocyte activation (elevated ferritin levels)."
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "best_biomarker_role": [
        {
            "role": "monitoring"
        }
    ],
    "evidence_source": [
        {
            "id": "AN6751-1",
            "database": "BiomarkerKB",
            "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1"
        },
        {
            "id": "32503382",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32503382",
            "tags": [
                "best_biomarker_role",
                " condition"
            ],
            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "AST is strongly associated with mortality risk compared to other parameters. Significant elevation in liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) is associated with critical changes in renal function parameters (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) and coagulation markers."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "32530509",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32530509",
            "tags": [
                "best_biomarker_role",
                " condition"
            ],
            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "High troponin I levels with either advanced age more than 60 years or elevated AST levels was the best model to predict poor outcomes."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "32492406",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32492406",
            "tags": [
                "best_biomarker_role",
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            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "Compared to non-severe patients, severe patients showed significant suppression of lymphocyte count and monocyte count, as well as increase of CRP and AST."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "32286245",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32286245",
            "tags": [
                "best_biomarker_role",
                " condition"
            ],
            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "Combined with significant elevations in liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), renal biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), and coagulation measures, a picture of MOF becomes very apparent in patients who develop the severe form of the disease, even with laboratory parameters measured primarily at admission."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "32293098",
            "database": "PubMed",
            "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32293098",
            "tags": [
                "best_biomarker_role",
                " condition"
            ],
            "evidence_list": [
                {
                    "evidence": "Impending hyperinflammation can manifest as cytopenias (thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), coagulopathy (low platelet and fibrinogen levels, and elevated d -dimer levels), tissue damage/hepatitis (elevated LDH, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels), and macrophage/hepatocyte activation (elevated ferritin levels)."
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "crossref": [
        {
            "id": "AN6751-1",
            "database": "BiomarkerKB",
            "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1",
            "categories": [
                "Biomarkers"
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        }
    ],
    "citation": [
        {
            "title": "Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression.",
            "journal": "Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences",
            "authors": "Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T",
            "date": "2020",
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                    "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "title": "Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients: A meta-regression and decision tree analysis.",
            "journal": "Journal of medical virology",
            "authors": "Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Hussein MH, Elgaml A, Amin M, El-Mowafy M, El-Mesery M, Ellythy A, Duchesne J, Killackey MT, Ferdinand KC, Kandil E, Fawzy MS",
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                }
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                    "id": "AN6751-1",
                    "database": "BiomarkerKB",
                    "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "title": "Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of COVID-19 Patient Sera.",
            "journal": "Cell",
            "authors": "Shen B, Yi X, Sun Y, Bi X, Du J, Zhang C, Quan S, Zhang F, Sun R, Qian L, Ge W, Liu W, Liang S, Chen H, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu J, He Z, Chen B, Wang J, Yan H, Zheng Y, Wang D, Zhu J, Kong Z, Kang Z, Liang X, Ding X, Ruan G, Xiang N, Cai X, Gao H, Li L, Li S, Xiao Q, Lu T, Zhu Y, Liu H, Chen H, Guo T",
            "date": "2020",
            "reference": [
                {
                    "type": "PubMed",
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                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32492406"
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                    "database": "BiomarkerKB",
                    "url": "https://biomarkerkb.org/biomarker/AN6751-1"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "title": "Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis.",
            "journal": "Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine",
            "authors": "Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G",
            "date": "2020",
            "reference": [
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                    "type": "PubMed",
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                    "url": "https://glygen.org/publication/PubMed/32286245"
                }
            ],
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            "title": "On the Alert for Cytokine Storm: Immunopathology in COVID-19.",
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            "authors": "Henderson LA, Canna SW, Schulert GS, Volpi S, Lee PY, Kernan KF, Caricchio R, Mahmud S, Hazen MM, Halyabar O, Hoyt KJ, Han J, Grom AA, Gattorno M, Ravelli A, De Benedetti F, Behrens EM, Cron RQ, Nigrovic PA",
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